Journal of JFK assasination :: essays research papers

November 22, 1963The cheers and cries of the crowd were roaring and still escalating as he approached. The 1961 Lincoln Continental peered over the corner. The flap of hands in the air blocked the lens momentarily. Two security motorcycles made the turn on Elm Street and I snarl excitement circulate my entire body as I knew any second the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, would appear. My legs trembled as I felt the breeze of the motorcade approach me. I was perched on a stone on Elm Street grasping my 8mm Bell and Howell camera. To Kennedys request his auto would be without a top. Kennedy was now focused on my camera. I attentively filmed the hands of the President waving to the crowds of spectators but if they had only known they were roughly to be spectators of a ghastly tragedy. And right then and there, on a clear November 22, 1963, John Fitzgerald Kennedy was assassinated. The laudation of the motorcade instantly turned into an outcry of thousands. An in effable blanket of flagellum covered me yet I stood concretely filming the bomb of blood explode in my front of my eyes until the vehicle violently swerved and disappeared into an overpass. My heart dropped to the floor. I saw the world, I felt the world enter utter commotion, but my ears were not receptive to sound. A silence domed the scene.BOOM The unbearable echo rang in my ears. I saw his body jump forward and his head swing back wildlyI stared, I tried, but I could no longer be reluctant to the truth.September 5, 1959The scolding became part of the norm. The drill sergeant loved to yell and torment entirely of those under his command. I felt compassion especially for a man who seemed to have persistent trouble with the Corps. He was considered an outcast by many. Out in the range he had actually poor marksmanship. Drill Sergeant Peters seemed to enjoy decrying this man. If he would become hesitant due to exhaustion from physical training, Sergeant Peters would soon enough get on his case and verbally torture him. I looked into the mans eyes and saw a subtle expression of fear, anger, and distress cooking up all at once. A mask veiled despondent inside of him. He surely was not an exceptional shooter, or the fittest man there.

The Changing Role of the Secondary Educator Essay examples -- Educatio

The Changing Role of the Secondary EducatorTeaching high school in the late twentieth century is a complex matter. As a secondary English teacher, my classroom is much more than discussions of novels, plays, poems, and the memorization of numerous grammar rules. The high school has become a site of contention its where students take form decisions that create their futures. The educational system/community expects secondary teachers to find a happy medium between the order and disorder found in some(prenominal) the elementary/middle schools and the worlds of college and beyond. This essay discusses how knowledge and power are created, communicated, and eventually assessed in secondary classrooms. High school teachers often rely on a highly structured environment for fear that any attempt at providing students with pedagogical freedom will event in classroom chaos or anarchy. I ague that it is necessary for teachers to break from this structural binary of discipline. When they enga ge in radical pedagogies they create spaces for dialogic learning and the possibility for change.This essay is a result of many important influential forces on my professional life teaching high school in the Pittsburgh Public Schools, the writings of John Dewey, and the radical and hypercritical pedagogies expressed by Paulo Freire, Henry A. Giroux and others. I will first provide a bit of personal background--my learning experience in high school, and the shortcomings I have seen in it. I will then use John Deweys essay, The Education Situation As Concerns Secondary Education to provide a historical framework to my study. Next, I will examine how classroom management (discipline) affects students learning. Finally, using recent work in critical and radical... ...7.Giroux, Henry A. with Patrick Shannon. Cultural Studies and statement as Performative Practice. Education and Cultural Studies Toward a Performative Practice. Eds. Henry A. Giroux with Patrick Shannon. New York Routl edge, 1997.Glasser, William. Control Theory in the Classroom. New York Harper & Row, 1986.McLaren, Peter. On Ideology and Education Critical Pedagogy and the Cultural Politics of Resistance. Critical Pedagogy, the State, and Cultural Struggle. Eds. Henry A. Giroux and Peter McLaren. New York SUNY Press, 1989.Macherey, Pierre. A Theory of Literary Production. New York Routledge, 1988.Miklitsch, Robert. Punk Pedagogy, or Performing contradiction The Risks and Rewards of (Anti-)Transference. Education and Cultural Studies Toward a Performative Practice. Eds. Henry A. Giroux with Patrick Shannon. New York Routledge, 1997.

Essay --

The Pacific islands were the most difficult to reach, and therefore believed to be the last place on earth discovered by humans. Once settled, mankind finally reached the end of the known habitable world. When the first Europeans arrived to Polynesia in the 1800s, they found the islands already settled. This aroused interest and shot about the origins of Polynesia, and a debate among scholars, scientist and others concerning this historical aspect of the Pacific continues today. Evidence from the past remains fragmentary, thus many different theories have arisen and are cosmos contested today regarding the origins of the Polynesia Islands.Although there is no definite evidence as to where, when, or how the first settlers reached Polynesia, there are many cultural traditions that show us activities of everyday life from the past and direct to us a better understanding of the beginnings of Polynesia. Songs and lore from ancestors that were passed down from generation to generation ...

Tissue Engineering Essay -- Organ Transplant Medical Health Essays

create from raw stuff EngineeringTissue engineering, labeled by Time.com as the number one hottest job for the 21st century, holds great potential for medicine and the word of chronic diseases and disorders. With tissue engineering, familiar problems like the rejection of foreign tissue by the body, the severe shortage of organ donors, and the inefficiency of artificial devices may be solved. However, this cutting moulding biotechnology has already spurred intense controversy over the ethics and morality of creating spare human body parts. The goal of tissue engineering is to grow tissues and neo-organs that peck be used for transplants. Tissue engineers must first decide what type of cell they want to use and stimulate to grow. Because animal cells may be grievous and rejected by a human immune system, human cells are preferred when the end goal is an organ for human use. Embryonic stem cells may be used, but it is difficult to be able to coax the cells to differentiate into t he special cells needed for the organ (e.g. liver cells). Progenitor cells are not richly differentiated and thus can be stimulated to grow into different cell types. For example, there is a progenitor cell that can form into each bile-producing cells or cells that line bile ducts, depending on the way it is manipulated in culture. For a wound or bone fracture, an injection of growth factors can stimulate the specific cells around the wound to regenerate and facilitate healing. The specific cells can also be grown in bioreactors that simulate the conditions of a human body and break down the cells to growth factors. Using the cultured cells, tissue engineers then seed them on a molded scaffold. The scaffold is made out of a biodegradable strong that disintegrat... ...th kidney disease, and she, the recipient of two brand-new engineered kidneys, displays a quasi-jealousy over the patient who will have dialysis treatment and receive attention every week. With neo-organs readily available to supervene upon diseased and worn out organs, what will happen to doctor-patient relations? We may be able to one day perfect tissue engineering, but a flawless science will not do much so long as we have emotionally flawed humans like Olivia and Troy. Sources Langer, Robert S. and Joseph P. Vacanti. Tissue Engineering The Challenges Ahead. Scientific American April 1999 86-89. Mooney, David J. and Antonios G. Mikos. Growing New Organs. Scientific American April 1999 60-68.What Will be the 10 Hottest Jobs? Visions of the 21st Century. 1 May 2000. http//www.time.com/time/reports/v21/ range/mag_ten_hottest_jobs.html.

Elie Wiesel’s Night Essay -- Elie Wiesel

There exist scarcely two types of people in a time of war and crisis, those who survive and those who die. Elie Wiesels novel, nighttime shows how Elie, himself, faces difficult problems and struggles to survive introduction War II. Wilfred Owens poem, Dulce et Decorum Est, tells a story close to a young soldier thinking of himself before others during World War I. The poem Mary Hamilton shows how a mother killed her child so she would not get into trouble. Sir potty Harrington writes about a sad truth in the poem On Treason the poem reflects humanitys selfish tendencies during tough times. When people face difficult times they often care about only one person, themselves the need to survive clouds peoples moral and judgwork forcet.Elie Wiesel writes about the times when he notices himself being selfish, instead of caring for others. When the Nazis forced the prisoners to run, Elie faces galore(postnominal) difficult challenges. Any prisoner who stopped running w ould be shot, or trampled by other prisoners. The young boy, named Zalman, running next to Elie cannot continue to run. Zalman, trampled under the feet of thousands of men (Wiesel 86) becomes forgotten shortly after he dies. Elie admits, I soon forgot him. I began to think of myself again (86). The war has made Elie realize he can only afford to think of himself or else he go away die. Dulce et Decorum Est shows how one soldiers need to survive indirectly causes other soldiers death. From the very beginning of the poem the lector sees how the war affects the soldiers. Fighting in the war has aged the soldiers, the once young men now bent double, handle old beggars under sacks, knock-kneed, coughing like hags trudge through the warzone (Owen 1-2). The men, completely drained f... ...d war show how easily the morals of people can be twisted. When faced with challenging, demanding times people will often choose what benefits them best. The poems and the novel, Night, show how cr uel and selfish humans can be when they feel their survival threatened. People will turn against one another in order to live another day or deny help to a fallen soldier. The harsh truths of humanity leak out in times of war and crisis. At the end of the day, every man has to fight for himself in order to survive.Works Cited Mary Hamilton. Honors Poetry Unit Class Handout. Sir John Harrington. Treason. Honors Poetry Unit Class Handout.Wiesel, Elie, and Marion Wiesel. Night. New York, NY Hill and Wang, a Division of Farrar, . Straus and Giroux, 2006. Print.Wilfred Owen. Dulce et Decorum Est. Honors Poetry Unit Class Handout.

Elie Wiesel’s Night Essay -- Elie Wiesel

There exist only two types of people in a time of war and crisis, those who locomote and those who die. Elie Wiesels novel, Night shows how Elie, himself, faces difficult problems and struggles to survive World War II. Wilfred Owens poem, Dulce et Decorum Est, tells a story about a young soldier mentation of himself before others during World War I. The poem Mary Hamilton shows how a mother killed her child so she would not get into trouble. Sir John Harrington writes about a execrable truth in the poem On Treason the poem reflects humanitys selfish tendencies during tough propagation. When people face difficult times they oftentimes care about only one person, themselves the need to survive clouds peoples moral and judgment.Elie Wiesel writes about the times when he notices himself being selfish, instead of pity for others. When the Nazis forced the prisoners to run, Elie faces many difficult challenges. Any prisoner who stopped running would be shot, or trample d by other prisoners. The young boy, named Zalman, running next to Elie cannot plow to run. Zalman, trampled under the feet of thousands of men (Wiesel 86) becomes forgotten shortly after he dies. Elie admits, I soon forgot him. I began to think of myself again (86). The war has made Elie realize he can only afford to think of himself or else he will die. Dulce et Decorum Est shows how one soldiers need to survive indirectly causes another soldiers death. From the very beginning of the poem the reader sees how the war affects the soldiers. Fighting in the war has aged the soldiers, the once young men now bent double, like old beggars under sacks, knock-kneed, coughing like hags trudge through the warzone (Owen 1-2). The men, completely drained f... ...d war show how easily the morals of people can be twisted. When faced with challenging, demanding times people will often choose what benefits them best. The poems and the novel, Night, show how cruel and selfish humans can be wh en they feel their survival threatened. People will go game against one another in order to live another day or deny help to a fallen soldier. The harsh truths of humanity efflux out in times of war and crisis. At the end of the day, every man has to fight for himself in order to survive.Works Cited Mary Hamilton. Honors Poetry building block Class Handout. Sir John Harrington. Treason. Honors Poetry Unit Class Handout.Wiesel, Elie, and Marion Wiesel. Night. New York, NY Hill and Wang, a Division of Farrar, . Straus and Giroux, 2006. Print.Wilfred Owen. Dulce et Decorum Est. Honors Poetry Unit Class Handout.

Power and Authority that affects English Language Essay

All speech communications diverge over time, and vary from place to place. In my opinion, English speech is the most influenced by the change. I must say lots of factors affect nomenclature. It whitethorn be beca occasion of political or fond pressures, such us invasions, imigration and colonisation. It may also change because of latest inventions, such as transport, domestic appliances and industrial equipment, or overbold sports and entertainment, because they also need new vocabluary. But, language can change by less(prenominal) obvious things. Language changes whenever speakers come into a communication with each other. Every person speaks differently from others, everybody has there own idiolect. There atomic number 18 no pot who speak identically people from different geographical places clearly speak differently, but even within the same small community there are variations according to a speakers age, gender, ethnicity and social and educational background.English l anguage was changing from the days of Roman empire. Then Anglo-Saxon invasions also affected it bringing every day life lyric poem like woman, house, loaf, then Christian missionary came in, bringing latin language and victimization whatever of its wrangling. After that, Vikings came along bringing thousands of new words. Inavasion of leave behindiam the Conqueror in 1066 brought many new words to English language from French. The 100 year warfare against France that happened after, also changed English language a lot. As we all know William Shakspeare about 2000 words and phrases. Shakespeare showed the world that English language was a rich and salubrious-favoured language, with limitless expressions and emotional power. It was a huge affect on English language was when in 1611 King James made a new displacement of Bible so everybody will read and understand it. In 1660s there were a lot of scientists in England and it brought a whole new words to the language.The English p eople started to explore the world and travel, where they found new words. Then british went to America and invented new words for new animals and things they found there. Then the new technologies took place. New inventions like radio, television, fridge needed new vocabluary. Speaking of a technology, their role in our have a go at its is astonishing. Its effect on the way we communicate has changed the English language forever. The way we speak today is genuinely different from the way we spoke before the internet became so widely used. Phone calls, to my mind, changed little we still use the same methods togreet and say good bye, for example. What is deffinitely different, however, is the way we write today. That is the area where technology has had a HUGE impact. It brought with it a whole new etiquette, as well as new conventions and new abbreviations, such as IMO (in my opinion) and FYI (for your information). And it introduced the idea that WORDS IN UPPER CASE MEAN WE ARE SHOUTING, while lower typeface writing is the accepted form. Mobile phones has had a much bigger impact. The way we write our text messages is now so widely accepted that it has become a mainstreamOMG (oh my God), idk (I dont know), Ikr (I know right), and etc.And then we have the sudden rise of blogging. There are now millions of blogs worldwide. Add to that the even- more-baffling growth of the key social networking websites Instagram, Twitter, Tumblr, Facebook. So, to sum up email + texting + blogging + social networking sites = people writing more how they speak and less like they used to write. Writing reformly still happens when it is either for your Boss, parent or a teacher.After people started using Television almost everywhere, language started changing depending on what TV shows are you watching or what channels are you watching. It might be a BBC News or Royal Family News where they all speak RP(recieved pronuanciation) to be more clear to people or it might be for e xample a cooking programme when people start using cookers terminology. Inventions like radio and iPod also made medicine more available to everybody. So the type of music you listen will affect on how your language will change. Popular singers are icons mostly for younger generation, so they have the authority to change language. New technologies made it more easier to communicate with outside world trains, plains, ships made it much easier to travel and communicate with a wide range of different people, which obviously has a different idiolects and diolects.Also our language changes depending on to whom, where and why we speak. Through our interactions with these different speakers, we encounter new words, expressions and pronunciations and desegregate them into our own speech. For example when you speak to your parents, your speach is moreformal and correct. But it is much different when you speak to your friends or peers. Your speach and words are more informal and pronouncatio n of words is different. The type of school weve studied in, also affects our language. In private shools, because children are from higher social classes and their background is more wealthy, they speak more posh and correct. When people from public schools speak more chavy and use more slang. Also your ethnicity and the area you live or lived in urban or city area, has really big affect on our dialect. Ethnicity affects because your dialect changes depending on who your ancestors were and what is your actual language.For example if you are french you have a specific accent and dialect. Also if you live in a city the way you speak is different than if you were from an urban area. Because in city there are much more people more influences, tourists bring different words and traditions, fast pace of life, they have own technical or city jargon, when in rural areas they a kind of dry land language, things take long time to change. This affects language change. The job or your interes ts change dialect, the words you use and how you say them. Because different jobs use different terminology and some people may use them in their everyday lifes and create a kind of new slang. Scoial class plays a big role aswell. The higher the person is on the social ladder, the more educated that person is likely to be. With a better education, a person will likely speak more properly. His or her sentences will be well formulated and slang will be at a minimum. The lower person is on a social ladder, the less educated a person is likely to be. And with less education, a person will likely speak with a looser form of a language. But it doesnt happen always, people can be different.All of this things change our language. Language always changes and Every successive generation makes its own small contribution to language change and when sufficient time has elapsed the impact of these changes becomes more obvious. But will the same things change our language in future, and how fast i t will change. Will language be completely different from the one we speak today, or will it change a little. We dont know what people in future will think how is correct to say and write. Language is the most unpredictable and rapidly changing thing and the way it changes depends on us.

Mne Challenges in Emerging Markets Essay

International backing and global innovation Individual report 1. Please discuss MNEs challenges in appear grocery stores? How can MNEs solve these? first-class honours degree of all, I would like to mention that It would be hard to describe challenges in emerging markets of the whole world, because question either can be roughly extrapolate or otherwise requires deep and wide research which is not the case right presently. Thats why in my discussion I would like to reveal on one country Russia. The Russian economy is growing by 7. 7 per cent per year, supported by the soaring price of oil.But with stories nigh government corruption and mobsters, how winsome is the country for the more entrepreneurial-sized crease? I would like to discuss some of the challenges close companies face while entering this emerging market. I would like not to talk in details about common problems and stereotypes which argon often mentioned about Russia, amongst those I already noticed are high level of corruption, gangsters and seemed political instability. And one thing I would like to mention first is a labor problem.Management in Russia is faced curtly with two major issues in the labor force the battle for highly qualified specialists and the cost-to-productivity ratio. The battle for top specialists has become extremely rough in the new-made time. Recruiting companies are very busy these days with headhunting. Professionals already receiving top salaries at multinational corporations are being stolen away, often by Russian majors, attracted by striking salary increases. It used to be that the professional would look at these offers with skepticism, questioning the reputation or stability of most Russian companies.Nowadays, these people do not worry as much and instead look at the cost-of-living, which is also rising dramatically, especially in major cities among which are Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Yekaterinburg and many others. The pip has gotten so bad that many companies are afraid to let their specialists be quoted in articles or to send them to conferences or other events where headhunters or competitors may be looking around in search for their next pray. It would be impossible for me not to notice the other side of this process which is the fact that labor market has become spoiled.Salaries are steadily increasing further productivity levels are not. At the current salary levels, business owners and management are becoming increasingly sensitive to productivity levels and attempting to demand more work ethic and more productivity from their highly paid employees. At the same time, there is very dwarfish choice in the current market. More and more orthogonal-owned companies in particular seem to be looking more closely at hiring and importing foreigners, now that Russian salaries are roughly on par with those of foreigners in many sectors.Foreigners coming from countries known for higher productivity levels and initiative are especi ally attractive minimally in the hopes that they can set an example. Young foreigners eager to gain experience in Russias developing market, are finding work especially in sales, client relations, business development, and marketing. So, generally it can be summed up that finding qualified local partners and employees is a difficult process. The pool of managers who understand westbound accounting and business practices remains limited, as well as the pool of qualified, experienced Russians proficient in English.Another big challenge and nightmare for most foreign-owned companies operating in Russia is lease rates for commercial real-estate. Its avoided by most foreign-operated Class A properties, but the situation is quiet bad in most of its sector lower. It is the rare landlord who fulfills most of his side of the contract. Moreover, rental contracts in Russia are usually biased toward the landlord. As a result foreign companies often find themselves looking for a new place. Ho wever, finding a better situation can be extremely difficult in Russias current real estate market.Centrally located, Class A property can run $USD 2000 and more per square meter per year. Bidding wars are not unusual and most other classes of property are seeing equal pressure. These are two challenges which I would like to point out, apart from that Id like to briefly mention other challenges * Government bureaucracy, poorly established rule of law and corruption affect such areas as establishing a business, revenue collection, dispute settlement, property rights, product certification and standards, as well as Russian Customs clearance.Adequate financial resources for Russian buyers subdued remain a problem, but it is not as acute as it was in years past. There are more foreign banks operating in Russia and more cash circulate within the economy due to the Russian oil and gas boom. * The Russian government continues to use its oil and gas resources to increase the states owner ship in sealed strategic industries and companies. So it is not completely clear to foreign companies which sectors are open to them for investment without Russian majority partners. The Russian Government continues its work on defining what are Russias strategic sectors.And after I stated challenges I must answer the second part of the question which is how to overcome these challenges. And in my view, a fundamental consideration must be there as a major phase of cookery if someone is going to go into Russia. This preparation involves surrounding companys branch with reliable people, having an adequate concept of what is to be done and a well-defined strategy plan. You also need the needful investment capacity and time arranged to follow this way. 2. You are expatriated to work in an emerging market (e.India or brazil-nut tree) What capabilities do you need? What and how can blotto provide you for the expatriation in emerging markets? (Maybe take one country as example) I thin k generally company must have an on-going business processes with the country, otherwise the necessity of having employees overseas is indistinct. There can be several cases when headquarters would need their employee to be expatriated to the subsidiary or partner company, for example* companion knowledge and experience diffusion or sharing * Leader position in one of the overseas branchesEmerging market opportunities opened etc. Brazil is a massive example of an emerging market. And if life leave behind propose the opportunity for me to work there, I think Id take it with great pleasure. Of course, therere certain capabilities I must possess to take this kind of job opportunity * Particularity of doing business in Brazil is that a potential Brazilian partner is essentially looking for two things someone they like and trust as well as someone who is competent in business.The most important of these is to build a strong relationship first which will then naturally lead to trust. T ime must be invested in getting to know people on a personal level in order to allow for open and honest discussions in business. So, naturally, the environment will require from me to be a trustworthy, sophisticated person with a clear understanding of benefits and goals. * Another point Brazilians usually comment on is the tendency of European and American business people to get straight down to business.This can be seen as offensive and even aggressive. It is good practice to foil in small talk whether it is asking about their children or chatting about the latest news or football (soccer) results. This interesting feature of business morality will require from me a positive, easygoing attitude at all times. * Despite Brazil poses as an emerging, fast-growing market English proficiency still remains low levels especially in the social sector and in the matter of effortless life.So in my understanding extradition to Brazil will be more effective with readiness to learn Portugue se at least until the level which will allow me to be independent on the matter of daily life, e. g. survival level of it. * Apart from all of that, I should have a clear view of business ethics and interpersonal relationship customs in Brazil. One of the important things is that I will have to be ready for a total change of values and concepts in any part of business and social life. In fact, that rule can be applied to all of cultures. In Rome act like a Roman.

Potential Impact Study of Renewable Energy Resources on Power Transformer

Chapter One Introduction to Topic CHAPTER I 1. 1Introduction India is one(a) of the developing countries & at the same times a fastest rising economy in the world. India along with the BRIC countries is considered as the back bone of the worlds economy. This attraction is parti aloney due to the lower cost of man caper office and good fictitious character fetchings. India is outright the eleventh turgidst economy in the world, quartetteth in terms of purchasing tycoon. It is poised to make tremendous economic strides over the flood tide geezerhood, with signifi laughingstockt increase already in the planning stages. For development of a country, infrastructure plays a vital role.With the opening of the Indian economy in 1990, many multinational / international companies were eager to invest in India. India being the second largest population of the world is the largest market for foreign multinationals. For this reason development of the infrastructure was pick up of the hour for the economy. brawniness development is the key aspect of infrastructure development & demand of the developing economy. Moreover, fulfilling the vitality requirement of ever growing population is herculean task. The infrastructure famine in India is immense & India is fountain stressed.The increasing vibrancy and flexibility of the Indian economy is non matched by the power vault of heaven. India was heavily relied on Conventional might alternatives like thermal zipper. The conventional efficiency development mainly depends on availability of resources like oil, coal, coke etc. Even nuclear power propagation depends on availability of uranium & platinum. Conventional energy times in any case results in higher carbon emission & pollution. Destroying the wastes from the conventional energy multiplication is the major task ahead of the country. Renewable energy Resources give the exceed possible tooth root for this hassle.Renewable energy resources can be d efined as the energy resources which can be replenished, as & when they be consumed e. g. solar, distort, sm all told told hydro power, biogas etc. Knowing the potential of this realise of energy resources, Indian organization established a violate ministry for Renewable energy resources in 2006. Perhaps, India is the only country having separate ministry for renewable energy. Since then renewable energy market is an upcoming market in Indian power sector. With boom in the renewable energy market, there is also a rise in demand for related manufacturing equipment industries.Trans engineerer is one of such equipments demand in power remainss for contagious disease of power. Our propose in this project is to make a Market say-so Impact Study for transformer for renewable energy markets. 1. 2Research methodological analysis The beginning(a) and a very important step in market explore is formulating a look problem. It is the most important stage as if the problem is wrong ly defined the subsequent stages depart be of no good for the purpose for which the research is being conducted, at the same time the problem must not be defined too broadly or too narrowly.In this Project we ar identifying the gap in the organizations portfolio of Transformer Business in India. We suck identified that organization has no presence in the low potential, distribution class transformer markets in India. Looking at the harvest-feast rate of Renewable energy markets and political sciences initiative towards the renewable energy, our main objective is to ascertain its impact on transformer subscriber line. Identifying sources of information There ar two type of information resources employ for the research principal(a) and secondary data sources. crownwork research data Primary research involves getting original data directly about the product and market. Primary research data is data that did not exist before it is designed to answer specific questions of in terest to the furrow. One to one interaction Idea extension of the project is drawn from the one to one interaction with the experienced colleagues and trusted associates. Casual Interviews Casual interviews are the unstructured interviews. Casual interactions with the seniors, discussions with the vendors are one of the sources of old data. BrainstormingBrainstorming is the casual interaction with experts. Experts are allowed to discuss freely on a particular subject. Their newly generated ideas are registered. There may not be any time duration for such sessions. Observations Existing customer enquiries & their feedbacks Many times customer enquiries can give us the data we required. The feedbacks from the lively customers are also laborsaving for idea generation. Secondary research data Secondary data is the pre- existing data, already available through books, previous researches, organizations, government documents, journals, news papers etc. Trade magazines, Journals There are various trade magazines in power sector available. IEEMA (Indian Electrical & Electronics Manufacturers Association), berthline magazines, ITMA (Indian Transformers Manufacturing Association) are whatever of the related associations. These associations are also working on the Renewable force Resources. Newspapers News papers are always giving the updates about the new trends, ideas, research going on more or less the world around. Internet articles, web commits Internet is the huge pool of data available for secondary research.Various search engines like Google, yahoo etc. are useful for finding the relevant data. Websites of various secluded & government PSUs are the sources of data. Websites of PGCIL, IEEMA, ITMA, Wind bureau Associations, Wind mill solution manufacturers, statistical agencies are of immense stand by. Books Books are always the sources of the technical data. Statistics agencies The statistical agencies like India Securities ltd. , which are doing their own research in various industries, are the sources of secondary data. Government resourcesGovernment organizations like PGCIL, SEBs, Ministry of New & Renewable nothing Resources are the sources of data. Manufacturing associations Indian Transformer Manufacturing Association (ITMA), Windmill manufacturing associations are some of the manufacturing associations, which are used as the sources of secondary data. Gathering the existing data & checking its authenticity is an important step in the research design. After the procedure of data congregation information, the data was tabulated and analyzed through graphs & bar charts as discussed in chapter 4 of this report. . 3Objectives To flying field the accredited status of renewable energy market within India. Our study testamenting mainly concentrate on Wind naught & abject Hydro Projects (SHP). To ascertain the market potential for renewable energy up to 2030 & study the strategical locations of renewable en ergy generation within India. Find out the trends in Power sector. To study the specifications & the categories of the transformers required for renewable energy transmission. Establish the relationship in the midst of the volumes of transformer business due to renewable energy market. To study the present organization set-up, this can be utilized for renewable energy transformers. 1. 4Limitations of the study There are following limitations for the research The primary research was limited due to wide spread of consumers. 80% of the transformer business is from the Public utilities, state galvanizingity boards. Most of the sites are in irrelevant places. Hence data collection is time consuming. It is very difficult to get the responses from such wide spread customers in limited time.For this research we mainly concentrated on customer feedbacks & experiences of previous telephonic conversations. The secondary research is mainly concentrated on the data available through gove rnment resources. This is due to the fact that majority of the decision fashioning & forecasting is done at the central government level. As there is increase in Private participation in recent years, there is limited amount of data available for it. 1. 5Conclusion India is developing with the speedy pace it implies heavy investments in infrastructure.Energy generation is the key aspect for the infrastructure festering of the country. With the governments initiative towards clean energy development, Renewable energy sector is booming. Due to Renewable energy development, there is also increase in the orphic participations in power instals implementations. This scenario is conducive for the demand of the transformers required for bittie power projects (private as well as public). In this project we will be concentrating on impact potential study of Renewable energy on power transformers.This will be helpful for the organization for initiating the low power, low voltage, distribu tion transformers business in India. We will ascertain its feasibility in the subsequent chapters starting with the organizations profile. Chapter Two Company Overview CHAPTER II SIEMENS Ltd. 2. 1HISTORY sulfur was founded in Berlin by Werner von second in 1847. As an extraordinary inventor, engineer and entrepreneur, Werner von Siemens made the worlds first pointer telegraph and electric dynamo, inventions that helped put the spin in the industrial whirling.He was the man behind one of the most fascinating success stories of all time by turning a humble little workshop into one of the worlds largest enterprises. As Werner had envisioned, the familiarity he started grew from strength to strength in every field of electrical engineering. From constructing the worlds first electric railway to laying the first telegraph line linking Britain and India, Siemens was responsible for building much of the modern worlds infrastructure. Siemens is today a technology giant in more than 190 countries, employing some 440,000 people worldwide.Our work in the fields of energy, industry, communicatings, information, transportation, healthcare, components and lighting has become inbred parts of everyday life. While Werner was a tireless inventor during his days, Siemens today remains a relentless innovator. With innovations averaging 18 a day, it seems like the revolution Werner started is still going strong. 2. 2Corporate Overview Siemens Ltd. in India The Siemens Group in India is a unique player in the field of electrical and electronics engineering.We have the efficiency to integrate diverse products, system of ruless and improvements into turnkey solutions across the life- rhythm method of a project. Innovation is our strength. But its not the only one. Our customers also know that they can rely on us to execute quality projects, while delivering value. In all areas of our operation, we provide the complete range of offerings. In the Energy sector, our expertise ranges from power plants toturbines. Industry sector, we build airports, as well as produce contactors. In Transportation, we deliver complete high-speed trains, right down to safety relays. In Lighting, we authorize large stadiums and also manufacture petty light bulbs. In Healthcare, we execute complete solutions for hospitals, as also provide in- the canal hearing aids. And, the thread that connects all our businesses is Information technology. Siemens Ltd is the flagship listed company in India. Siemens in India, which comprises 20 legal entities, is a leading provider of industry and infrastructure solutions with a business volume aggregating about Rs 11,800 crore, as on September 2008. It operates in the core business areas of Industry, Energy and Healthcare.It has nation-wide Sales and Service network, 20 manufacturing plants, a network of around 500 channel partners and employs about 17,200 people. 2. 3BUSINESSES Organizational Chart Power Transmission & Distribution High Voltage Energy Automation Medium Voltage Transformers service At Siemens, end-to-end products, systems and solutions for industrial and building automation as well as infrastructure installations are provided. These turnkey solutions cover project management, engineering and software, installation, commissioning, after-sales service, plant sustainment and training. . 4SECTORS Energy Sector Siemens consolidates its innovative offerings in the Energy sector by combining its enough range expertise in the areas of Power Generation (PG) and Power Transmission & Distribution (PTD). Utilizing the most advanced plant diagnostics and systems technologies, Siemens provides comprehensive services for complete power plants and for rotating machines such as gas and steam turbines, generators and compressors. Power Generation Efficient, reliable, climate-friendly power generation is vital for economic development.With innovative technologies and products, Siemens is pushing the limits of power plant efficiency and back up strike a viable balance between climate protection, supply security and cost-efficiency in power generation. From simple cycle power plants to combined cycle power plants, steam power plants up to integrated gasification combined cycle plants, Siemens ensures the highest levels of efficiency currently possible throughout the entire power generation process. The wide range of offerings include solutions for the automation of power grids and products such as medium voltage switchgear and components. Compressors Gas Turbines Generators Steam Turbines Combine cycle power plants destination cycle power plants Steam power plants Fuel cells Instrumentation & controls Renewable power plants Power Transmission & Distribution (PTD) Efficient high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) power transmission lines are indispensable for transporting large amounts of electricity over long distances with minimum loss and thus for transmitting power from renewable energy sources in remote locations to distant consumer centres.This is where the Power Transmission Division (PTD) of Siemens plays an important role as pioneering technology providers, offering greater reliability and efficiency besides change to develop sustainable power supplies. PTD offerings span the entire field of high voltage power transmission, including HVDC transmission systems and products and systems for high-voltage switchgear and transformers. Power Transmission & Distribution arrangings Arrestors Energy management Power network communications Power transmission system Protection & substation controls Switchgears TRANSFORMERS Healthcare Sector By combining the most advanced research lab diagnostics, imaging systems and healthcare information technology, Siemens Healthcare division enables clinicians to diagnose disease earlier and more accurately, making a decisive contribution to astir(p) the quality of healthcare The Siemens Healthcare Division is one of the largest suppliers of healthcare technology in the world. It offers solutions for the entire supply chain chthonic one cap from prevention and early detection through diagnosis and on to treatment and aftercare.In increase, Siemens Healthcare is the market leader for innovative hearing devices. lab Diagnostics The Diagnostics Division of Siemens is engaged with the business of generating clinical diagnostic test results using tissue and fluid analysis a process know as in-vitro diagnostics, besides immune diagnostics and molecular analysis. The Divisions solutions range from point-of-care applications to the automation of large laboratories, producing high quality outcomes that save time, capital and lives. Diagnostic Imaging and Therapy Laboratory Diagnostics Hearing Instruments Market Specific Solutions IT Solutions and Services Financial Solutions Information & Communication We provide software solutions across the IT service chain, from consulting and system inte gration to IT infrastructure management in the areas of telecommunications, healthcare, manufacturing, public sector, utilities & government. Communication Services Fixed and mobile services Information Technology Telephone & communication Wireless modules OSRAM India Pvt. Ltd. (Lighting) OSRAM India Pvt. Ltd. (Lighting)Artificial lighting accounts for a significant portion of todays CO2 emissions. The use of energy-efficient lamps, LEDs and intelligent light management systems would not just help in bringing down the emission levels but also save significant amounts of energy and money. Siemens provides economical, long-life lighting for every application, including incandescent and fluorescent fixture ones for domestic and industrial lighting.Offerings includeGeneral Lighting Automotive Lighting Electronics and Controls Display/Optics Opto Semiconductors LED Systems Luminaires Mobility (Mob) A pioneer of the railway signaling systems in India, Siemens offers products a nd solutions in railway signaling and safety systems, traffic control and automation, electrification, traction equipment for locomotives and multiple unit system and mass transit vehicles. The product palette also includes rolling stock and auxiliary inverters for air- causeed passenger coaches.Fully equipped and backed by trained staff, turnkey projects are undertaken for urban transportation, mass rapid transport projects, traction substations overhead centenary and long distance transmission lines. Portfolio includes Railway automation Rail electrification Turnkey systems Metros Trains and locomotives Light rail vehicles Multiple units Service, maintenance and support for Building Technologies (BT) Siemens Building Technologies specializes in meeting the growing demand for increased personal safety and more secure public and private infrastructures by electronic security and building automation systems.A market leader in providing solutions for Intelligent Buildings, th e division offers a range of products and services for security, whiff and efficiency in high-end buildings, and covers the entire chain of offerings from engineering to services. Innovative solutions for Intelligent Buildings Cross-Sector Business Siemens Information Systems Ltd. Siemens provides software solutions across the IT service chain, from consulting and system integration to IT infrastructure management in the areas of telecommunications, healthcare, manufacturing, public sector, utilities and government Consumer Products Computers Cordless Phones and phratry Media Electrical Installation Systems Hearing Instruments Home Appliances Home Security Home Automation & Asset Management 2. 5Transformer (Product Details) Bringing the energy safely to the consumer A basic requirement applicable to all power transformers. However, every single one is unique designed according to individual factors such as voltage, power, climate, system topography, sound level and many m ore. Siemens is your partner, who picks up these requirements converting them into convincing solutions with maximum quality.Power transformers that render their service reliably at site. Cost-efficient and safe throughout decades. Whether for infrastructure systems, industry or households transformers play a key role for a reliable power supply. As a customer, one quite rightly place the highest demands on reliability, cost-effectiveness and operation time. In more than atomic number 6 countries and for more than 100 years, transformers from Siemens are synonymous with top quality as a result of ideas, knowhow and unequalled experience. Many reasons for reliabilityFirst of all, there is the fulfillment of the quality claim to which Siemens has committed themselves without compromises. Every factory manufacturing Siemens Transformers puts quality management system into practice. And only those transformers that have successfully passed all the comprehensive tests will then go int o practical application. Siemens offers a complete service from advice and design via manufacture, transport and commissioning up to our Transformer Life Management. The right transformer for your taskYou need a product that exactly fits your task. Siemens provide the right transformer for every requirement from compact distribution transformers through to large power transformers with ratings over m MVA. Price Development World-market prices for raw materials and energy are continuously increasing, forcing the manufacturers of high-voltage products and transformers to significant price increases. Thanks to optimized processes and internal cost reduction measures, however, the price allowance account for Siemens products is extremely moderate.Product Range Only a company that offers a complete product range can really cover all of your requirements. Siemens has put this fact into practice. For every required power, every voltage, every cooling method and every operating mode. G enerator step up transformers System interconnecting transformers Phase shifters Shunt reactors Transformers for HVDC GEAFOL cast-resin transformers Oil distribution transformers and voltage regulators Special-purpose transformers Line feeding transformers Traction transformers pic pic Cast-Resin Tansformers Ditribution transformer pic pic Power TransformersReactors picpic HVDC TransformerFurnace Transformers 2. 5SIEMENS Transformer Division in India Siemens has newly set-up a state-of-the-art, power transformers design-and-manufacturing facility in Kalwa, near Mumbai. The factory was started in 4th December 2007. The facility is capable of manufacturing high-voltage direct-current and former(a) special application transformers.The transformers manufactured by Siemens in India will be identical to those made in Europe, the United States and elsewhere as the technology for these comes from Nuremberg, Germany. The full technology transfer, including the know-how for design a nd production techniques, has been transferred through documentation as well as the training of Indian personnel in Siemens plants in Germany and elsewhere. The new plant is designed taking into consideration all the experiences gathered from other Siemens plants, which have been in operation for the past several decades.This makes the plant unique as it applies all the best practices established in other plants under one roof. The new plant will have 500 employees when it reaches full production susceptibility. The manpower and production cost account for somewhat 15 percent of the sales price in India compared to about 35 percent in developed countries. The new Transformer factory will be able to address the heightened demand for power transmission equipment in the country by designing and manufacturing large transformers of power rating upto 600 MVA and 800 KV voltage class.The factory will also produce special application transformers such as for HVDC and traction furnace app lications. This factory is the latest addition to the prestigious league of 17 Transformer factories of Siemens located world-over. One of the unique features of the factory is that the transformers are manufactured in a dust-free and humidity controlled environment to ensure top class dry out windings coming out of a vapour phase oven and tested under tough conditions in fully shielded test-lab. 2. 6SIEMENS IN FUTUREIdentifying technologies with major growth potential, recognizing technologicalbreakthroughs, anticipating hereafter customer of necessity and new business opportunities -Siemens experts are doing all of these things in a systematic process designed to make the company a trendsetter in as many business fields as possible. In an increasingly complex business environment marked by ever-shorter product cycles, the major challenge facing companies is how to organize R&D activities in as centraliseed and success-oriented a manner as possible while simultaneously making o ptimum use of available funds. Rigorous focus on growth markets of the futureSiemens Ten-Point Program was launched at the end of the 1990s to intensify the companys focus on active portfolio management. To this day, Siemens continues to pursue the strategy defined in the program and achieve its growth targets through organic growth powered by the companys innovative strengths, as well as through acquisitions, divestments and the formation of startups and joint ventures. In 2005, Siemens launched the Fit4More program to unless tailor the strategic development of the companys portfolio to the growth markets of the future, thus laying the groundwork for sustainable profitable growth.In addition to defining four pillars Performance and Portfolio, Operational Excellence, People Excellence and Corporate Responsibility the program identified urbanization and demographic change as key megatrends that would drive its business in the future. The companys business portfolio has changed con siderably in the past few years. For example, Siemens withdrew completely from the components business (now Infineon and Epcos). Large parts of its telecommunications technology business were funneled into the joint venture Nokia Siemens Networks in 2006.At the same time, Siemens strengthened its activities in the energy, industry and healthcare fields though extensive acquisitions. In 2006 alone, the company invested more than 6 billion to acquire companies and holdings. The current Fit4 2010 program embodies a rigorous continuation of this strategy, including further portfolio optimization with a focus on the fields of energy and environment, industry and healthcare. Siemens expects to win new orders of around INR 1 trillion in the next common chord fiscal years 2010 until 2012, which will be generated by government stimulus programs already announced around the world.Green technologies are expected to account for 40 percent or approximately INR 400 billion of this add, which wi ll significantly increase the share of the companys revenues from its environmental portfolio in the future. Siemens based this forecast on an sign systematic analysis of the largest stimulus programs. Siemens has continued with its investment plans and focused on strengthening the local manufacturing base. In the last two years, Siemens has added three new factories in Indian energy sector alone. SIEMENS constant focus is to bring world-class and high technology products to India. Chapter ThreeTheoretical modelling CHAPTER III 3. 1Energy Scenario in India Energy is the prime mover of economic growth and is vital to the sustenance of a modern economy. Future economic growth crucially depends on the long-term availability of energy from sources that are inexpensive, accessible and environmentally friendly. India ranks sixth in the world in total energy consumption and needs to accelerate the development of the sector to meet its growth aspirations. The country, though rich in coal and abundantly endowed with renewable energy in the form of solar, wind, hydro and bio-energy has very small hydrocarbon reserves (0. % of the worlds reserve). India, like many other developing countries, is a net importer of energy, more than 25 percent of primary energy needs being met through imports mainly in the form of crude oil and natural gas. The rising oil import bill has been the focus of serious concerns due to the pressure it has placed on scarce foreign exchange resources and is also largely responsible for energy supply shortages. pic India has had a prejudicious Energy Balance for decades, which has forced the purchase of energy from outside the country. Based on available energy resources, energy sector can be separate as followsFew Definitions 1. thermic power generation At a thermal power station in which the electric generators are steam driven. body of irrigate is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated. The steam can be generated using dodo fuels like Coal / ignite Gas Diesel or Liquid fuel 2. Hydro-Eectric Power Generation It is nothing but using the power of water currents to generate electric power.Generally, hydroelectric power is created by directing water flow through a turbine, where the water causes fans to turn, creating the torque needed to drive an electric generator. pic 3. Nuclear Power The energy released from an atom in nuclear reactions or by radioactive decay esp. the energy released in nuclear fission or nuclear fusion. The radioactive materials like Thorium, uranium are used for energy generation. 4. Wind power It is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as electricity, using wind turbines. Wind power produced about 1. % of worldwide electricity usage12 and is growing rapidly, having doubled in the three years between 2005 and 2008. 5. Geothermal power (from the Greek roots geo, call backing earth, and thermos, meaning heat) It is power extracted from heat stored in the earth. This geothermal energy originates from the original formation of the planet, from radioactive decay of minerals, and from solar energy absorbed at the surface. It has been used for space heating and bathing since ancient roman times, but is now better know for generating electricity.About 10 GW of geothermal electric content is installed around the world as of 2007, generating 0. 3% of global electricity demand. 6. Solar power It is the result of converting sunniness into electricity. Sunlight can be converted directly into electricity using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly with concentrating solar power (CSP), which normally focuses the suns energy to boil water which is then used to provide power. The largest solar power plants, like the 354 MW SEGS, are concentrating solar thermal plants, but recently multi-megawatt photovol taic plants have been built. 7.Wave power is the transport of energy by ocean surface waves, and the capture of that energy to do useful work like electricity generation 8. Tidal power, sometimes called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides into electricity or other useful forms of power. Although not yet widely used, tidal power has potential for future electricity generation. Tides are more predictable than wind energy and solar power Following chart shows the Indian energy scenario in 2005 & as on August 2008. It also shows the potential of various energy sectors by 2030. picInstalled Capacity, by fuel (as on August 31 2008) Fuel Installed Capacity (kW) Share (%) Thermal 92691. 83 63. 42 Coal & ignite 76646. 50 52. 45 Gas 13560. 52 9. 8 Diesel & liquid fuels 2484. 81 1. 70 Hydro 36399. 80 24. 91 Renewable 12932. 74 8. 85 Wind 9041. 00 6. 9 depressed Hydro 2211. 00 1. 51 Biomss 649. 00 0. 44 Bagasse 973. 00 0. 67 Waste-to-ene rgy 56. 00 0. 4 Solar 2. 74 0. 00 Nuclear 4120. 00 2. 82 aggregate 146144. 37 100. 00 (SourceCEA, Ministry of New & renewable energy. ) Power line magazine- Sept. 008 Since thermal generation is based on burning coal or oil, increases in CO2 emissions, which modify the environment and affect global warming, accompany this growth. As the graph below shows, it also increases the dependence on imports, which will continue into the future unless the policy changes. pic pic Estimates of Potential Capacities from Renewable Energy Sources (in MWs) (Source India Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources) pic Under this project we will be concentrating on the potential of Renewable Energy Resources-Wind Energy & littler Hydro projects in India. 3. arch ENERGY pic 3. 2. 1Wind resource potential The wind power generation in the country is influenced to a great extent by the wind speed and wind power density prevalent at a particular potential location at any given point of time. Th e wind speed is bear on to a large extent by the strong southwesterly monsoons, starting in May-June, and by the weaker northeastern monsoons in the winter months. It has been generally observed that 60-70% of the total wind power generation in the country takes place during June- October when the southwest monsoons are prevalent throughout the country.According to a latest study, locations having an annual mean wind power density greater than 150 watts/ square meter at 30 meter hub height have been found to be desirable for development of wind power projects. 3. 2. 2Advantages of Wind Power It is one of the most environment friendly, clean and safe energy resources. It has the lowest gestation period as compared to conventional energy. Equipment erection and commissioning involve only a few months. There is no fuel consumption, hence low operating be. Maintenance costs are low. The capital cost is comparable with conventional power plants. For a wind farm, the capital cost ranges between 4. 5 crores to 5. 5 crores, depending on the site and the wind electric generator (WEG) selected for installation. Wind Fossil Fuel Availability Usable as it exists Have to be procured and made usable through labored and environmentally damaging processes Limitation on Inexhaustible resource Limited in reserves, expected to be completely availability exhausted in the coming 60 years Transportation Used where it is available or Has to be transported from its source site for transported where needed further processing, exposing the environment to pollution from accidents Environmental nonentity emission Used in producing electricity, releasing green effect of use house gasses Geo-political Reduces our reliance on oil, Over-reliance on oil as a resource has implications safeguarding national security. undermined Indias energy security, e. g. OPEC Allows for self sufficiency. crises of 1973, Gulf War of 1991 and the Iraq There is no adverse effect on War of 2003. global environment. The whole system is pollution free and environment friendly. The pollution saving from a Wind Energy Generation with an average output of 4,000 kWh per year, savings have been estimated as follows sec dioxide (SO2) 2 to 3. 2 tonnes Nitrogen oxide (NO) 1. 2 to 2. 4 tonnes Carbon dioxide (CO2) 300 to 500 tonnes Particulates 150 to 280 kg. 3. 2. 3The essential requirements for a Wind farm An area where a number of wind electric generators are installed is known as a wind farm. The essential requirements for establishment of a wind farm for optimal ontogenesis of the wind are the following High wind resource at particular site. Adequate land availability Suitable terrain and good soil condition Maintenance access to site Suitable power grid nearby Techno-economic selection of specific turbines Scientifically prepared layout Resource Potential (MW) Installed capacity as on 31st March 2007 (MW) Wind 45000 7092 Small hydro 15000 1975 Biomass power / cogeneration 19500 1184 Solar 4-6 kWh/m2/day 2. 74 (20MW/sq. m) Waste-to-Energy 2700 43 The sum of these renewable resource potentials, 152,000 MW, is greater than the current total installed energy generating capacity of India. 3. 2. 4Estimated Wind Power Potential in India The wind power potential on a national level, base data collected from 10 states considering only 1% of land availability, is around 46,092 MW. StateGross potential (MW) Andhra Pradesh 9063 Gujarat 7362 Karnataka 7161 Kerala 1026 Madhya Pradesh 4978Maharashtra 4519 Orissa 1520 Rajasthan 6672 Tamil Nadu 4159 West Bengal 32 TOTAL 46,092 3. 2. 5Manufacturers of Wind Energy Generators (WEGs) Name unlike Collaborator Arul Mariamman Textiles Limited Win World Denmark Asian Wind Turbine Pvt. Ltd. NEG- MICON Denmark Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. Nordex, Denmark Das lageway Wind Turbines Ltd. Lagerwey, Netherlands Elecon Engineering Company Ltd. Turbowinds n. v. , Belgium Enercon India Ltd. Enercon GmbH, Germany Kirloskar Electric Company Ltd. Wind Energy Group, UK NEPC India Ltd. Poineer Wincon India Ltd. Wincon, Denmark REPL Engineering Ltd. Bonus Denmark Suzlon Energy Ltd. Sudwind Energie Systeme, Germany Tackle Wind Energy India (Pvt) Ltd. Tacke Windenergie GmbH, Germany TTG Induatries Ltd. Husumer, Schiffswerft, Germany Vestas RRB Vestas, Denmark Windia Power Ltd. Nedwind, Netherlands 3. 2. 6Economics of wind power development The capital investment generally incurred towards installation of a 1 MW capacity wind farm is to the tune of Rs. 4. 0 crore. to the highest degree 85-87% of the capital investment cost is incurred towards the supply, packaging, handling, loading, transportation, unloading, insurance cover, erection and commissioning of the WEGs. Another 2-3% of the capital cost is incurred towards construction of the foundation of the tower and other associated civil construction units like the metering and control room, foundation for housing the step up transformer etc. Nearly 1-2% of the capital cost is incurred towards purchase of land and site development. The cost of land should be valued to the rates prescribed by the District Level perpetration (DLC) of the concerned state. The remaining 8-12% of the capital cost is incurred towards purchase of electrical equipment like the step up transformer, controls, OHT line connection to the nearest available grid and other electrical accessories. The operation and maintenance cost per annum (inclusive of the insurance coverage) amounts to approximately Rs. 7. 00 lakh. The expected generation of power from the WEGs on an annual basis come to the tune of 2. 5 million KWh after accounting for non operational hours of the machines due to annual repair and maintenance, non availability of cut in wind swiftness or wind velocity being higher than the cut off wind velocity at a particular site. The cost of generation of power is in the vicinity of Rs. 3. 5 / KWh. The power buy back rate varies from state to state. If wheeling is permitted then the power buy back rate can be fairly put on as the commercial rate prevalent in a state. Wind energy generated is connected to the grid as follows pic At the various stages of transmission, transformers are used for stepping-up or stepping down the voltages. pic 3. 3 Small Hydro Power 3. 3. Introduction Hydropower is a renewable, non-polluting and environmentally benign source of energy. It is perhaps the oldest renewable energy technique known to the mankind for mechanical energy conversion as well as electricity generation. Hydropower represents use of water resources towards inflation free energy due to absence seizure of fuel cost with mature technology characterized by highest prime moving efficiency and spectacular operational flexibility. Out of the total power generation installed capacity of 1,48,265 MW (April,2009) in the country, hydro power contributes about 25% i. e. 36,877 MW. 3. 3. 2 Hydro Power Project shed light onification Hydro power projects are generally categorized in two segments i. e. small and large hydro. In India, hydro projects up to 25 MW station capacity have been categorized as Small Hydro Power (SHP) projects. While Ministry of Power, Government of India is responsible for large hydro projects, the mandate for the subject small hydro power (up to 25 MW) is given to Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. Small hydro power projects are further classified as Class Station Capacity in kW Micro Hydro Up to 100 Mini Hydro 101 to 2000 Small Hydro 2001 to 25000 3. 3. 3 Small Hydro Power Programme Small Hydro Power ( SHP) Programme is one of the thrust areas of power generation from renewable in the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.It has been recognized that small hydropower projects can play a critical role in improving the over all energy scenario of the country and in particular for remote and inaccessible areas. The Ministry is encouraging development of small hydro projects both in the public as well as private sector. Equal attention is being paid to grid-interactive and decentralized projects. Aim The Ministrys aim is that the SHP installed capacity should be about 7000 MW by the end of 12th Plan. The focus of the SHP programme is to lower the cost of equipment, increase its reliability and set up projects in areas which give the maximum advantage in terms of capacity utilisation. Potential An estimated potential of about 15,000 MW of small hydro power projects exists in India.Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has created a database of potential sites of small hydro and 5,415 potential sites with an aggregate capacity of 14,305. 47 MW for projects up to 25 MW capacity have been identified. STATE WISE IDENTIFIED meek HYDEL SITES AND POTENTIAL UP TO 25 MW CAPACITY (as on 31. 3. 2009) S.No Name of State IDENTIFIED NUMBER OF SITES Total Capacit y (in MW) 1 Andhra Pradesh 489 552. 29 2 Arunachal Pradesh 566 1333. 4 3 Assam 60 213. 84 4 Bihar 94 213. 75 5 Chhatisgarh 164 706. 62 6 Goa 9 9. 0 7 Gujarat 292 196. 97 8 Haryana 33 110. 5 9 Himachal Pradesh 547 2268. 41 10 Jammu & Kashmir 246 1411. 2 11 Jharkhand 103 208. 95 12 Karnataka 128 643. 6 13 Kerala 247 708. 10 14 Madhya Pradesh 99 400. 8 15 Maharashtra 253 762. 58 16 Manipur 113 109. 0 17 Meghalaya 102 229. 81 18 Mizoram 75 166. 4 19 Nagaland 99 196. 98 20 Orissa 222 295. 7 21 Punjab 234 390. 02 22 Rajasthan 67 63. 7 23 Sikkim 91 265. 54 24 Tamil Nadu 176 499. 1 25 Tripura 13 46. 86 26 Uttar Pradesh 220 292. 6 27 Uttaranchal 458 1609. 25 28 West Bengal 203 393. 9 29 A Island 12 7. 91 TOTAL 5,415 14,305. 7 Identification of new potential sites and strengthening of database for already identified sites is an ongoing process. In this direction, the Ministry has been giving financial support to state governments/ agencies for identification of new potential SHP sites & preparation of state perspective plan. 3. 3. 4 Small hydro installed capacity and progress The total installed capacity of small hydro power projects (upto 25 MW) as on 31. 03. 009 is 2429. 77 MW from 674 projects and 188 projects with aggregate capacity of 483. 23 MW are under construction. While in early 90s, most of the SHP projects were set up in the public sector, from last 10 years or so, most of the capacity addition is now coming through private sector projects. Beginning of the 21st century saw near commercialization in the small hydro sector. Private sector entrepreneurs found attractive business opportunities in small hydro and state governments also felt that the private part icipation may be necessary in tapping the full potential of rivers and canals for power generation.The private sector has been attracted by these projects due to their small adoptable capacity matching with their captive requirements or even as affordable investment opportunities. In line with Government of India policy, 18 states have announced their policy for inviting private sector to set up SHP projects. The Government of India announced the electrical energy Act in 2003, Electricity Policy in 2005 and Tariff Policy in 2006 to create a conducive atmosphere for investments in the power sector. Small hydropower projects are now governed by these policies and the tariff is decided by the State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) as per the Tariff Policy. During the 10th Plan, Following have been year-wise capacity addition from SHP projects. Year Target (in MW) Capacity addition during the year (in MW) Cumulative SHP installed capacity (in MW) 2002-03 80 8 0. 39 1519. 28 2003-04 80 84. 04 1603. 2 2004-05 100 102. 31 1705. 63 2005-06 130 120. 80 1826. 3

Clique Mobile Coffee Essay

Background and RationaleStudying the fundamental reasons why the proponents aim to establish a melody coffee range.A coffee shop or cafeteria business organisationes are already popular worldwide, too many names, establishment and products. Almost every coffee shop businesses stay yearn because of satisfying income. How ab step up innovation to this business that have a risk but provoke probably maximize profit. Mobile coffee shops that acquired equipments that almost at heart a vehicle that travels to varied bunss is definitely unique and new thats why it is feasible. The proponents are aiming to study the reasons this business should be implemented and figured out a solution to tout ensemble the problems that may encounter to the research. These are somewhat reasons and problems1. An innovation should have a perfect research before implementing and it is bit onerous to introduce to the mass market.2. Risky is involved because it can easily bump by early(a) cars that it maydestroy the vehicle full of machineries and high assess assets and equipment that can probably explode.3. Implementing is one of the hardest part because it has a lot of process and there were only few high-ways to trip, also it has limited places to go like locomotion at the urban areas and primary highways.4. Supply of coffee beans can be also limited, Benguet, the province itself produce supply of resources wherein the harvest is by season.5. The weather of run away can cause the profit loss especially here in Benguet where rainy season is mostly half-year.I. Project SummaryI.1 Name of the Business circle Mobile Caf company is the proposed name of the business because its a converted vehicle that in just one click it is transformed into a business mobile and it has Wi-Fi. In addition, mobile, as the word itself, it can travel to one place to another while the mobile itself is the kitchen.I.2 Business LogoI.3 localisationBurnham Park Baguio City, BenguetI.4 Descriptive Defi nition of the ProjectClique Caf is a coffee shop that serves not only beverages but includes food, bread and pastry products. It has small kitchen, machineries in making coffee and pastry products and a small portable comfort room. The dining is an open area just outside around the vehicle wherein all the tables and chairs are portable including the tabernacles and tent that covers the place. It has a dimension of 21ft x 9ft x 9ft. Its a food and beverage business which the main product is coffee. It travels to different placeswhere people usually hang-out. Clique Caf serves some beverages such as herbal tea, hot and cold Choc coffee.I.5 Vision and MissionVisionWe aim to travel nationally to provide the ruff quality coffee and bread for breakfast in every Filipino household that can purchase our most affordable product. We retrieve to promote tourism and strike our own trademark name of coffee product that positions ourselves as premier coffee shop nationwide.MissionTo provide t he best quality and most satisfying offer product with high standard services. To continuously promote teamwork and excellence in our establishment and provide a trusty environmental relationship between our employees and guests.I.6 ObjectiveThere are two main products we aim to provide to our market. Our caf will establish the commonly used path of coffee which is serving coffee and bread. But we fatality to make name for our own product. We aim in making our very own unique sense of taste for our products that our market would want to have. We strongly believe that this would be possible by the aid of using indigenous raw product we have in Baguio. world a city located in the Benguet Province, the province mainly produces harvest of coffee beans that have quality which can compete with its own flavor.This flavor is what we want to introduce in the mass market. The Province also is the main provider of fresh vegetables and fruits that our caf can make use of in producing brea ds. We will able to make recipes from these indigenous products. These are the product that Clique Mobile Caf would be proud of and carry under its brand. Clique Mobile Cafe goal is to satisfy our customer by the unique products with the very best of goods and services that we can offer. And we want our business and product will known all over the world.I.7 Historyumber HistoryThe history of coffee goes at least as far back as the thirteenth century with a number of myths surrounding its inaugural use. The original native population of coffee is thought to have come from East Africa specifically to Ethiopia, and it was first cultivated by Arabs from the 14th century. The earliest credible evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree appears in the middle of the 15th century, in the Sufi monasteries of Yemen. By the sixteenth century, it had reached the rest of the Middle East, Persia, Turkey and northern Africa. Coffee then spread to the Balkans, Italy and to the rest of Europe, to Indonesia and then to the Americas.Coffee shop HistoryCoffeehouse and coffee shop are related terms for an establishment which primarily serves prepared coffee and other hot beverages. Caf or cafe or caff may refer to a coffeehouse, bar, tea room, small and cheap restaurant, transport cafe, or other casual eating and drinking place, depending on the culture. A coffeehouse may share some of the same characteristics of a bar or restaurant, but it is different from a cafeteria. As the name suggests, coffeehouses focus on providing coffee and tea as intumesce as light snacks. Many coffee houses in the Middle East, and in West Asian immigrant districts in the Western world, offer shisha (nargile in Turkish and Greek), flavored tobacco smoked through a hookah. Espresso barsare a type of coffeehouse that specializes in serving espresso and espresso-based drinks.II. Management AspectBusiness organizationA business organization is an individual or group of people tha t collaborate to achieve certain commercial goals. Some business organizations are formed to earn income for owners. different business organizations, called nonprofits, are formed for public purposes. These businesses often raise money andutilize other resources to provide or support public programs.2.1 compactPartnership is a business organization in which two or more individuals manage and operate the business. Both owners are equally and personally liable for the debts from the business. wherefore the proponents will adopt the Partnership form of business. The proponents chose compact because its not big and broad as a corporation and the capital is lesser than a larger business. The proposed project is easily managed by two or more people or the owners itself.Rules and Guidelines of PartnershipOne of the potential drawbacks of a coadjutorship is that the other partners are bound to contracts signed by each other on behalf of the partnership. Choosing partners you can trust , and who are savvy, is critical.Making MoneyMaking money is the first swayer because it is the biggest impetus for any deal. The deals that actually get done are the ones that can prove their worth. Companies often have a minimum monetary threshold, but if you can prove that a lucrative alliance can be made, then you should be in discussion about working together. engagement BusinessNaming business partnership is actually a very important step in creating partnership conformity because it formally establishes the business entity for legal purposes. All documents referring to the partnership should use the partnerships name, once you and your business partners register it.Contribution to PartnershipA partnership agreement must include the capital or property each of the partners is investing in the company. The agreement should also include what roles each partner will be performing when the business is operational, including managerial capacities and who controls the casual opera tion of the business.The partners dedicate resources such as financial, technical, staff and reputational toward achieving agreed objectives over time. Theyalso establish a new organization with shared governance and a management unit to deliver these activities. Partners dont draw a salary and share profits and losses equally. Partners have a duty of allegiance to the other partners and must not enrich themselves at the expense of the partnership, and also have a duty to provide financial accounting to the other partners.Allocating meshwork and LossesAllocating profits and losses is a key element of companys partnership agreement. This section of agreement determines how much money each partner stands to make, including what percentage of profit each member may receive, as well as what percentage of business losses each partner must absorb. Its usually illegal to create a partnership agreement that assigns a higher percentage liability to a partner than the partner originally inve sted in the company. Keeping responsibility for losses commensurate with each partners percentage investment should preserve the legal integrity of the document.Determining Partnership powerWithout specific language detailing each partners authority in the business, any partner can force the entire company into a fertilization legal agreement without the consent of your other partners. Clearly defining each partners power within the company to enter into binding agreements keeps the partnership from spreading itself too thin and making bad business decisions. This rule can also put a system in place for the partnership to make business decisions, including rules on voting and obtaining partner consent. The other rules would be found in a written partnership agreement. Such an agreement could outline procedures for making major business decisions, how profits and losses will be split, and how much control each partner maintains.2.2 Owner of the BusinessClique mobile caf is owned by Mr. John Ericson P. Amistad and Ahldrin L. Abellera.2.3 Organizational Chart

‘Billy Liar’: Which of Billy’s three girlfriends is best suited to him?

The play Billy Liar concerns a nineteen-year-old boy who has three girlfriends. The Fisher family choke in a typical lower center(a) class house in an industrial town in the north of England. The furniture is quite immature only when of dreadful taste. The Fisher family is in truth dysfunctional. The family consists of Billy, a compulsive liar, who uses sarcasm to try and show his intelligence. He seems to be confused active life in general and is also genuinely lazy. Billy is very intelligent. We know this, as there is evidence of this throughout the play. Billy has three girlfriends, I cogitate this a signs of irresponsibility and that he is non very mature.Billys mother, Alice, is a housewife. She is constantly fussing over Billy and mothering him. An example of Alice mothering Billy is how do you mean? A job in London? What job in London? questioning Billy because she worries active him. Maybe this is one of the causes of Billys many dilemmas. Alice seems very easy goin g. Geoffrey, Billys suffer, does non submit a good word to say about Billy. He does not trust his son one bit and has no faith in him. Geoffrey has his own telephone circuit and he also has an obsession to saying the word bloody. Finally, there is Florence. This is Billys Grandmother, Alices mother.She is extremely racist and also forgetful. She is forgetful. She is almost senile and throughout the play she is implant ramble on to herself. She blames Alice for Billy being spoilt. At the beginning of the play when Billy is discussing Barbara with Arthur, he seems unbelievably sexually frustrated. He has had a plan to seduce Barbara by exploitation a passion pill. Barbara is a girl of about nineteen who is large and well built. This gives the spirit that Barbara is relatively old forge and prudish. Barbara has strong morals and refuses to have sex before marriage.We know this as in one part of the play Billy puts is hand on Barbaras knee (after she has taken the passion pill) and Barbara says it seems indecent, somehow this for sure realizes Billy sexually frustrated. Barbara is very gullible. We skunk tell this because she believes all of Billys lies. Also Billys mother approves of Barbara and thinks she flavour of voices respectable. When Billy greets Barbara her reply hallo, pet. Is spoken reverberateously and flatly. This gives the impression that her feelings for him argon not as strong as she believes them to be.Billy also tells Barbara more lies such as Oh yes, I made all the furniture, and she might have to have her leg off (talking about Florence) which Barbara again believes. One thing that Billy and Barbara have in common is that they fantasize extensively. Evidence of this is the bearing that they plan together their dream cottage in Devon with a little Billy and a little Barbara. They have really planed this in minute detail, down to the colour schemes and garden plans. My personal suasion is that Barbara has a greater passion fo r oranges than for Billy and is constantly eating them.Barbara and Billy address each other using pet names such as pet and darling. This shows some sense of relationship between them. Billy gets so frustrated at Barbaras addiction to oranges and lack of passion that he picks up her bag of oranges and, in total fury, throws it across the floor. Barbara is exceptionally helpful when she visits the Fisher household. She does the dishes and is egger to help Alice. This makes her seem incredibly domesticated. Alice thinks really highly of Barbara. I know this because she says Im glad hes found himself a nice sensible lass for once. I think Barbara and Billy are suited in one way because they both fantasize but in many other ways they are not. Barbara has some direction and plan to her life while Billy has no direction at all. Barbara has very strong morals she does not believe in sex before marriage or in mixed sex holidays but Billy for certain does. I do not think that Barbara and Bi lly are well suited at all.. They obviously do not deal each other. Rita is counterbalance introduced in a phone parley between herself and Billy. In the conversation Rita is being very forceful and she puts Billy on the defensive.While this phone call takes place Barbara is in the house. Rita wants her engagement ring back, the ring Billy has given to Barbara This shows that he does not have respect for either of the girls. He is desperately act to get the ring back off Barbara to return to Rita who is very annoyed. Rita is a small girl with blonde hair. She is seventeen years old but dresses to look much older. She is common and hard and works in a snack bar. When Rita is first seen she is coming to claim her ring back from Billy. As soon as she enters the garden, she instantaneously insults Billy, saying to him look whats crawled out of the cheese.This gives the impression that they do not really have any affection towards each other. When Billy tells her one of his extravag ant lies Rita is not as gullible as Barbara. Billy and Rita do not have mutual respect in their relationship. You can tell this in their language and tone of voice. patronage all the negative points in their relationship, there is definite sexual chemistry and physical attraction. I know this because Billy attempts to quieten down Rita by kissing her passionately and, sure enough, Rita responds to this by kissing him back.Yet Rita threatens Billy by saying that her father is not happy that she has not got her ring back. I think she is trying to blackmail Billy here. Rita eventually leaves extremely angry and without a ring. She has left Billy in a predicament because has threatened that her father will come and sort him out Later that day Rita returns to the Fisher house. She is now furious. She does not knock before going in. This is extremely rude. Rita is not scare by older plurality we can see this in the manner in which she talks to Billys mother. While talking to people Rita frequently mocs the way they talk.She comes up with some amazing insults and dishes them out, one being squint eyed, bow legged, spotty snotty nosed streak of nothing. She directs this insult Barbara. She does not think much of Barbara at all. She says that Barbara needs to wash her ears because she has got carrots growing out of them. This means that she thinks that Barbara is naive and stupid. She is probably right in thinking this. I do think that Rita and Billy are suited because there is a definite sexual attraction between them. Yet that is all they have in common because they are both from several(predicate) back rounds.Rita comes from quite a rough back round and this is probably the cause for her acting in the way that she does. Billy comes from a lower middle class up bringing. Billys mother definitely would not like Billy marrying Rita as she would not fit in with their family. We do not meet Liz until the very end of the play. I like this aspect of the play because we hear about Liz very near the beginning of the play so this leaves a bit of mystery surrounding her character. At the beginning of the play Arthur makes a remark about Lizs skirt. He says its about time somebody bought her a new skirt.He refers to her as scruffy Lizzie that agrees with comments that Alice makes about her. She says that scruffy one and also her in that mucky skirt. The play Billy Liar was written in the 1960s. We can see evidence in the way that societys view of women in the way that people think through the play Alices opinion of Lizs skirt which now seems to be a very old fashioned view. Also we can see how society has changed in the way Barbara views sex before marriage and mixed sex holidays. This also fits with the class Barbara comes from. Liz is a liberal spirit who travels around the country from job to job.Maybe this is why people cannot relate to her or regard her as a threat. During the time of which the play was set, people tended to stay within their ow n locality. Despite everyone making rude remarks about Liz, Billy seems to have genuine feelings. During one part of the play Barbara is talking to Alice about Liz and she says that she used to put a deal out of ideas into his head. Possibly she is jealous of Liz, because she knows that Billy still has feelings for her. So she is trying to ensure that Alice does not like Liz. Right at the very end of the play Liz enters the scene with Arthur.Although Liz is about the same age as Barbara and Rita she has maturity and self-possession. She is dressed casually and is, infact, not as scruffy as we have been led to believe. She is not particularly pretty but is obviously a girl of strong personality. When she comes into the scene they just make polite conversation and Billy asks Liz when she got back. He seems hurt that Liz had not phoned him. After Liz and Billy have been talking for a while, Liz gets the idea of going away to London with him. Billy gives the impression that he definite ly wants to go to London with Liz.When Billy tries to lie to Liz he cannot quite go through with it. Liz is a very good judge of Billys character. Despite this it does not stop her from loving him. Liz gets the bizarre idea that she wants to marry Billy. She does not want to get engaged and she does not care about get a ring, unlike Barbara and Rita. Billy and Liz seem to share the same dream. Billy loves talking to Liz. We can see this in the length of his of his speeches. At the end of act three, we can see that Liz is more optimistic than Billy. She makes her mind up about going London.She is sure but Billy is unsure and to some extent pessimistic about going. Liz just makes her decisions on impulse. Liz and Billy get along really well and enjoy each others company. They have interesting conversations in which they are both in full involved. It seems as if they are sole mates. But maybe they would be suited better as just good friends. I do not think any one of the three girls is really suitable for Billy. Billy has things in common with each of the girls. Barbara and Billy both fantasize, Billy and Rita have a lot of sexual chemistry between them while Billy and Liz can talk to each other very well.But Billy has big relationship issues. He cannot commit in a relationship he shows this in the way that he decides not to go to London at the end of the play. He cannot make decisions he shows this numerous times throughout the play and one of his main goals should be to stop lying I think Billy could learn to love each of these girls. But I am unsure he would be able to live with them or get married. Billy cannot keep still he cannot stick to one girl he cannot make a sensible decision. Billy is highly intelligent but his inability to make decisions stops him getting anywhere in life.

Being Unemployed Can Cause People

Being unemployed can cause people to lose their self-respectPopulation in Indonesia each social class increases, also it is increasing the number of working-age, but it is non offset by the icrease in job vacancy. Large population of productive-age amount is not comparable with the finis job vacancy of unemployment, it also gave rise to social ills such as robber, begger, pickpockets, vagrant, etc.Based on Psychological aspect, unemployment relative dont redeem confidence in theirselves, it can be described on several examples raft who arrive a higher education but have not got a job, unemployment that caused by laid-off-employment (PHK), and people who dont have any expertnesss and low education. People who have a higher education but have not got a job, it because of some reasons first they havent got a chance, second the job vacancy is not match with their education and the expertise that they had.It whitethorn not be a problem for a while but longer this causes Psychologi cal insecurity for them, especially when dealing with friends who are already successful. Unemployment that caused by laid-off-employment (PHK) also trigger them to lose their self-respect. It causes Psychological burden that is shame because dischanged then they hard to get job again. It made them feel supressed by any condition. People who dont have any skills and low education.This is a kind of people are relatively difficult to get a job any they want or deserve, it because they hard to adapt with the environment and lack of intercourse. In this case , skill and relation are important. From the examples above People who have a higher education but have not got a job, Unemployment that caused by laid-off-employment (PHK), and People who dont have any skills and low education, those are causes unemployment loses their self-respect. As you know that skills, education, relation and environment are the main capital in getting a job.Those not only who dont have the skill or educatio n as needed but also dont have any relations or education will not have an opportunity to get a job. So, if we dont want to be unemployment, from now on we should study hard, make a good relation as much as we can, and handle our emotion to avoid self-respect become our personality. Then, if we have been being unemployment, we should believe our skill, dont ever hit up with our condition, and learn from anyone or anything around us.

Washington Square (Henry James)

Washington consecutiveis a short allegory byHenry pack. Originally published in 1880 as a serial in Cornhill MagazineandHarpers New Monthly Magazine, it is a structurally simpletragicomedythat recounts the involvement between a dull except sweet daughter and her brilliant, domineering father. The plot of the novel is base upon a true story told to jam by his close friend, British actressFanny Kemble. 1The book is frequently compared toJane Austens work for the clarity and grace of itsprose and its intense focus on family relationships. crowd was hardly a great acquaintance of Jane Austen, so he might non have regarded the comparison as flattering. In fact, James was not a great fan of Washington Squareitself. He tried to read it over for inclusion in theNew York Editionof his fiction (19071909) but found that he couldnt, and the novel was not included. new(prenominal) readers, though, have sufficiently enjoyed the book to make it one of the more popular works of the Jame sian canon. - Structure The novel is told from athird-person omniscientpoint of view, although we dont know anything about the narrator.The narrator often offers his comments directly to the reader. The novella begins at a distance from the events, describing the impaleground of the Sloper family. It then recounts in detail the story of Catherines romance with Morris Townsend. When Morris jilts her, the focus shifts back to a long view. As James puts it Our story has hitherto moved with very short steps, but as it approaches its termination it must take a long stride. The final few chapters are interpreted once more in short steps, ending with the striking vignette of Catherines refusal of Morris. Major themes The bitterest irony in the story is that Dr Sloper, a brilliant and successful physician, is exactly right about Morris Townsend, and yet he shows scratchiness to his defenseless and loving daughter. If the doctor had been incorrect in his appraisal of the worthless Towns end, he would only be a stock villain. As it is, the doctors head works perfectly but his heart has grown frigidness after the death of his beautiful and gifted wife. Catherine gradually grows throughout the story into right judgment of her situation.As James puts it From her point of view the great facts of her career were that Morris Townsend had trifled with her affection, and that her father had broken its spring. Nothing could ever alter these facts they were ever so there, like her name, her age, her plain face. Nothing could ever undo the wrong or cure the pain that Morris had inflicted on her, and nothing could ever make her feel towards her father as she felt in her younger years. Catherine go forrad never be brilliant, but she learns to be clear-sighted. -Literary significance criticism Everybody likesWashington Square, even the denigrators of Henry James, wrotecriticDonald Hall, and most other commentators have echoed the sentiment. Although James himself regarded t he novel with near contempt, readers have enjoyed its linear fibtechnique, its straightforward prose (far removed from the convoluted language of Jamess later career), and the sharply etched portraits of the four main characters. withal the rusty plot revolving around the will has charmed many critics with its old-fashioned simplicity.Catherines slow but perspicuous development into independence and wisdom is a notable success for James and has been much appreciated by critics and readers in general. Henry James,OM(15 April 1843 28 February 1916) was an the Statesn-born writer, regarded as one of the key figures of 19th-centuryliterary realism. James alternated between America and Europe for the first off 20 years of his life, after which he settled in England, becoming aBritish subjectin 1915, one year before his death.He is primarily known for the series of novels in which he portrays the encounter of Americans with Europe and Europeans. His method of writing from the point of view of a character in spite of appearance a tale allows him to explore issues related toconsciousnessandperception, and his style in later works has been compared to impressionistic painting. James contributed significantly toliterary criticism, particularly in his insistence that writers be allowed the greatest possible emancipation in presenting their view of the world.James was born in New York City into a wealthy family. His father, Henry James Sr. , was one of the best-known intellectuals in mid-19th-century America. In his youth James travelled back and forth between Europe and America. He studied with tutors in Geneva, London, Paris, Bologna, and Bonn. At the age of 19 he soon attendedHarvard Law School, but preferred reading literature to studying law. James published his first short story,A Tragedy of Error, at age 21, and devoted himself to literature.James is one of the major figures oftrans-Atlanticliterature. His works frequently juxtapose characters from theOld Wor ld(Europe), embodying a feudal civilization that is beautiful, often corrupt, and alluring, and from theNew World(United States), where race are often brash, open, andassertiveand embody the virtuesfreedom and a more highly evolved moral characterof the new American society. James explores this clash of personalities and cultures, in stories of personal relationships in which power is exercised well or badly.His protagonists were often young American women facing oppression or abuse. Novels * Watch and Ward(1871) * Roderick Hudson(1875) * The American(1877) * The Europeans(1878) * self-reliance(1879) * Washington Square(1880) * The Portrait of a Lady(1881) * The Bostonians(1886) * The Princess Casamassima(1886) * The Reverberator(1888) * The Tragic Muse(1890) * The Other House(1896) * The Spoils of Poynton(1897) * What Maisie Knew(1897) * The Awkward progress(1899) * The Sacred Fount(1901)Short stories and novellas * A Tragedy of Error(1864) My Friend Bingham * Poor Richard A me an solar day of Days * The Story of a Masterpiece The Story of a Year * A Most tremendous Case A Landscape Painter