Overview of the Skeletal Essay Example for Free

Overview of the Skeletal Essay The purpose of this exercise is to learn the skeletal systems and the components associated with the system. I will be exploring the major types of bones and cartilage. Are there any safety concerns associated with this exercise? If so, list what they are and what precautions should be taken. Handle the microscope and the slides with care; when taking the chicken bone out of the oven use caution because the bone is extremely hot. The Chemical Components of Bone Questions A. Describe the effect that the lemon juice (acid) had on the chicken leg bone. The Lemon juice caused the bone to change colors and soften B. Describe the effect that baking (heat) had on the chicken leg bone. The bone is really dry and brittle; I also noticed the color of the bone changed C. Rickets is a disease where the bones are not formed completely in children due to a lack of Vitamin D. Does the heated or acid-soaked bone represent a child with rickets? Explain why. The acid-soak bone represents a child with rickets, when the bones aren’t getting enough Vitamin D the bones softens and tend to bend. When the bones harden back up they stay in the shape it was bent when it was softened. Exercise 2: Microscopic Structure of Bone obseRvations Observe the structure of the Haversian system. Sketch what is seen and identify the following: central canal, lacunae, concentric lamellae, canaliculi and an osteocyte. See attached photo Questions A. Which part of the Haversian system was the hardest to see on the slide of compact bone? Why do you suppose this is? Osteocytes are the hardest part to see on the slide because they are so small. B. Which structures in the compact bone deliver nutrients to the osteocytes? Canaliculi deliver nutrients to osteocytes through haversian canal. C. Which structures are found inside the central canal? Cerebrospinal fluid; Spinal cord Exercise 3: Structure of a Long Bone obseRvations A. From step 4 in the procedures Observe the epiphysis. Identify as many of the following structures as possible: articular cartilage, compact bone, spongy bone and bone marrow. Make a sketch of the bone in the Lab Report and label the structures you identified. See Attached photo B. From step 5 in the procedures Observe the section of diaphysis. Identify as many of the following structures as possible: periosteum, compact bone, endosteum and bone marrow. Make a sketch of the diaphysis in the Lab Report and label the structures you identified. See Attached photo Questions A. How does the femur of the skeletal model compare to the diagrams in your textbook or this manual? The model and the diagrams match. The only difference is the sizes and the detail B. Using your chicken bone, how does the texture of articular cartilage (or hyaline cartilage) compare to that of periosteum? Note: Articular cartilage (made of hyaline cartilage) is found on the ends of the bones. It absorbs compression and allows for smooth movement. C. What is the function of spongy bone?

Supermarket survey Essay Example for Free

Supermarket survey Essay In my supermarket survey I am going to see what vegetarian products are already available on the market. Supermarket survey is important because it shows what types of products are already on the market. It also shows me the nutritional value of all the various products; I can then see what is good and what is bad. With a supermarket survey I can also see the prices of various products and then I can identify a range and an average. To find information I went to three major supermarkets; Sainsburys, Tesco and Waitrose. I thought it would be better for me to actually visit the supermarket rather than find out information online. This is so because the information on the internet may not be as accurate and reliable as information on the actual packaging. I chose products suited to my target group (lacto-ovo-vegetarians). Name of product Cost Portion Size Additives Packaging Nutritional Information. Inner Plastic. Bright Energy 543 kJ/130 kcal. Protein 4. 00 g. 9 Feta and Caramelised Onions Pizzeria Waitrose mono- and diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids Outer: Carton Inner: Aluminium Base Disc. Vibrant and bright. Energy 1088 kJ 260 kcal. Protein   PB Mushroom Risotto i 1. 99 400g xanthan gum Outer: Carton Inner: Plastic (PET) Bright Energy 11 Quorn Cottage Pie i 2. 49 500g Sodium Metabisulphite. Outer: Cardboard sleeve. Inner: Plastic Bright. Energy 247 kJ 59 kcal Protein 2. 5g 12 Cheese Onion Quiche Waitrose i None Outer: Carton Inner: Foil. Colourful Energy 1l. Protein 8. 1g 13 Vegetable Curry Waitrose iNone Outer: cardboard sleeve Inner: Plastic (PET) Bright Energy 4 kcal Protein   Quorn Dippers i None Outer Cardboard Inner: Plastic bag Energy 661 kJ 158 kcal Protein Goodlife Nut Cutlets i 1. 69 350g None Board Energy 1339 kJ 322 kcal Protein 9. 1 g Supermarket Survey Results. All the products were priced less than i 4. 00 making them reasonably priced and affordable. The cheapest vegetarian product was priced at i 0. 95 and the most expensive was priced at i 3. 79. It was clear to see that the product near the upper end had a greater portion size and were packaged in re-usable plastic container. The weight of each individual product was roughly the same; the average was around 310g, which I feel is a suitable portion size. What was evident was the fact that the products contained very little protein an average of about 7g. I must make sure my prototypes contain lots of protein.   The vegetarian products which were more expensive, seemed to contain more calories, this is mainly due to the fact richer ingredients were used in the more expensive products.   Most of the products didnt contain additives, however the products that did were on the top end of the price range. This is because additives are expensive.   The packaging of the products were rather diverse from each other, products which were most expensive had far more attractive and appealing than less expensive products. Inexpensive products only used one material for packaging (e. g. board). What were similar were that all the products, except 1, used board as the exterior packaging. Products which were microwavable used the plastic (PET).   All the products had labelling saying the product was suitable for vegetarians and expensive products had logos. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

Strengths Of The Nazi Economic Policies History Essay

Strengths Of The Nazi Economic Policies History Essay There are three points that would help us understand the great economic depression of 1929. These are â€Å"The business cycle, effect of US economy on the world and the importance of the share market†. The business cycle is a graph that depicts the real-output of the economy with respect to time. Although the growth of an economy is linear but it is noticed that the economy trend is like a roller-coaster, reaching a pinnacle and dipping down to the trough. It is classified as the boom phase when the economy is performing above the growth trend, and a recession when it underperforms. With the use of fiscal and monitory policies, the government bodies try to increase the ceiling of the peak and sustain it longer. And reduce the depth of the trough and the time span. After the Great War (WW1) USA provided many European nations loans to repair their industry and infrastructural damage caused by the war, this meant that the money lend by the USA was also circulated to their colonies. And this means that the money lent by the USA was circulated in a large portion of the world and therefore most of the economies were dependent on these loans. A economy is heavily dependent on the stock market and its performance guides investments of the economy like FDI and FFI As the USA’s stock market failed all the loans and investment around the world by the USA withdrew and both the world and US economy entered into a recession, which developed into a depression and later into the great economic depression. Most economist also speculate that the great economic depression was 4 consecutive depression within each other. And could have been saved by the USA government’s intervention before the catastrophe. The great economic depression of 1929 caused a major havoc in the international economy. Germany was especially hard hit because of The Peace Treaty of Versailles that imposed sanctions restrictions and a heavy reparation on it. Thus barring Germany’s growth stagnating economic development. American loans to help rebuilt the Germany economic, which were successful to achieve the pre-war output and a pseudo-stable economy, stopped because of the great depression. As a result, unemployment soared to 30%; the war reparation due by Germany was suspended by the Lausanne conference of 1932. By that time, Germany had already repaid 1/8th of the war reparation assigned to it by the peace treaty of Versailles. The Nazi party comes in power in 1933. Moreover, the shortcomings of the Weimar Republic were set as an example of failures and were used to drive the economy out of the great economic depression. When the conventional neoclassical theory failed to provide any panacea to overcome the predicament, many economies turned towards Keynesian economic policies for a solace. Keynesian policy suggested government intervention to help the economy revive. This idea contradicted the conventional neoclassical school of thought, which suggested that, the economy would revive on its own. When the Nazi came to power in 1933, they had three major domestic economic issues; unemployment, hyperinflation, improving living standards; all the issues were inter-related and had a common solution. The economy was now state control and rearmament was its main goal. Socialist effect on the economy made it unnecessary for women to work. There was an increase in the number of marriages and childbirths. Suicides committed by the youth below 20 years dropped by 80% between the years 1933-1939, suggesting better living standards than in 1933 indicating economic stability. The world economic situation supported the theory of â€Å"the stab in the back†, as leading economists were Jewish and the economic failure was an ongoing plot by the Jewish people, as a whole, to achieved global domination. These banking organizations influenced Nations States by extensions or with holding of credits. These events linked with Nazi prospective of Jewish people. Consumption pattern of Nazi Germany changed, although with a decrease in real income by 25% the employment rate zoomed to 100% the downward stickiness of labor price were countered by rules and regulation of employment policies banning strikes and labor rights to negotiate. Private Property rights were defused. Profit incentives for business owners were retained, to gui de the economy according to the needs of the state. â€Å"Although fixing of profits was, not their suppression, but was the official policy of the Nazi party†. The heavy taxes on profits guaranteed the direction of the economy. Hitler the early Nazi party did not consider economic policies as a major contributor to popularity, but the economic depression changed Nazi prospective of the economy. By understanding the economic policies and comparing them with the real life events, we can conclude the success of Nazi economic policies and the effectiveness of it against the great economic depression of 1929 with respect to the real life example Nazi Economic Policies As soon as Hitler moved into office, the three major issues that needed urgent addressing were Unemployment Hyperinflation Improving the living standards of the middle class. All the listed issues were interlinked or interdependent and the solutions were under one umbrella. To combat unemployment Nazi took refuge of the Aryan culture. After World War 1 Germany witnessed an increase by 37% of women in the work force. Aryan culture depicted women as homemaker men as breadwinners. This made it as unnecessary for women to work thus they were excluded from the unemployed category. To cover up this step posters propaganda that suggested the contribution of women to the economy was extremely high could not be quantified or priced. The two major programs implemented by Nazis to generate employment were the rearmament program and the Reinhardt program for infrastructural development. Both of these programs suggest war preparation of the Nazi German for World War II. German men were projected as either soldiers or laborers. The wages were now controlled by the government, which decreased the real income by 25%. This is against economic rules, which suggested that labors would not work under wages less then what they previously received. However, because trade unions were banned worker could not oppose this norm. Strikes and any other form of protest were also banned. Change in employment was strictly regulated even farmers had rules norms of what to cultivate, at what price. This also meant that prices of products in the market could be controlled. Hyperinflat ion was thus countered by the above mention strategy. We should know that one policy would never solve an economic issue so huge. Expenditure on public goods, and increased provision of merits goods like infrastructure, education, healthcare, and schemes promoting â€Å"Aryan Population† were placed to encourage consumption, trade, production, activities that help the economy to achieve full employment. Production in private sector was highly encouraged by provision of cheap labor from concentration camps. Hitler himself felt private property rights should be encouraged but the need of the hour suggested collaborative controlled acceleration of economy out of the great economy depression. The military spending constituted of 10% of the GDP of the nation, higher than any other European nation. This practice is termed as Military Keynesianism. High levels of imports were kept secrets until 1936 to boost consumer confidence discourage crowding out in the domestic market. Although these methods caused a huge deficit for the government, a part of the Keynesian economic policy being implemented by Nazi Germany. Total state control was not a Keynesian police. It was the effect of dictatorial and situational political scenario. Improving middle class living standard was the key objective of the Nazi party. Being a socialist party Nazis encouraged socialism amongst the society. Nazi self-help group that were created by before they come to power suggested the economy would have a blend of right left objectives. Production of cheap consumer goods was encouraged; an example of this is the foundation of Volkswagen in the year 1937. Provision of subsidized goods can also be inferred as a method to provide cheap consumer goods meant increased public consumption meant an increase in demand, which increase consumer confidence and encouraged production. The cash flow cycle had less leaks and high injections leading to a better lifestyle and increased production. The per capita buying capacity also increased. The solution to one issue would cause domino effect on the other issues. Although there is a decrease in real wages, full employment meant that every individual had the buying capacity. The number of government created jobs increased and the perks that government officer received helped improve the living standards. Socializing effected the competition of in the domestic market as profit was not the main goal of the economy or the firm. This meant better products at cheaper prices. The middle class living standard was upgraded from where they were in 1933. Nazi Economic Policy: Effect The economic growth of the economy was state controlled and it intended to rapidly overcome the great economic depression. This meant the faster the state achieved its goal the faster the people became richer. Unemployment causes unrest in the society, hunger breeds revolutions. Hitler was willing to do anything that would help increase employment. If we look at German employment programs it reveals the motive of the programs was not revenue seeking but socialist in nature, these programs intended to serve two purposes at a time like rearmament , better infrastructure or anything that German need. Improvement of the German infrastructure industry was a war preparatory procedure for war where military or the armed forces could be mobilized throughout the nation and its border. In June 1933 the ambitious â€Å"Reinhardt Program† was introduced for development of infrastructure. It was supported by indirect incentives such as tax reduction and direct public investment in waterways, rail-roads and highways. The Programme was followed by similar initiatives resulting in the great expansion of the German construction industry between 1933 to 1936. Many international companies that dealt with The Third Reich used Jewish salves to run the industrial plants like Daimler-Benz also used prisoners of wars to run their plants; Krupp made gas chamber; Bayer worked as a small part of the enormous IG Farben chemistry monopoly; and Hugo Boss designed the SS uniforms. Many companies now claim that either they did not know the truth of Nazi motives or had lost control of their plants or units in Germany. Provision of cheap labor from the concentration camps lured business throughout the world to open production plants or unit in Germany. This led to an increase in production of manufactured goods in Germany. It was Germany’s chief export. Thus, these products were available to the German masses at a cheaper rate. This led to an increase in the German Gross Product (GNP) by an average of 9.5%, the rate of industrial development rose by 17.2% between the year 1933-1936. Consumption and private-public consumption during the same perio d increased by 18.7% and 3.6% annually respectively. This expansion propelled the German economy out of a deep depression and into full employment in less than 4 years. According to the historian Richard Evans, prior to the outbreak of the war the German â€Å"Economy had recover from the depression faster than its counter parts in other countries. Germany’s foreign debt had established interest rates had fallen to half their 1932 level; the stock exchange had recovered from the depression the Gross National Product had raised by 81% over the same period. Inflation and unemployment had been concurred†. these are indicators of the economic stablity Nazi viewed private property right as conditioned upon the mode of use. Privately Hitler started in 1942, â€Å"I absolutely insist on protecting private property. †¦..We must encourage private initiative†. Under Nazi free completion and regulation by a market, greatly decreased. If the private property did not correspond with Nazi goal was nationalized. Threats of takeover were used to encourage compliance with government production plans even if it would cost profits. Although Nazis transferred public ownership and services to the private sector. They increased state control regulations and interference in economic affairs. Even farmers had to follow the central plan of agriculture, which tied the farmers to their land. Farm ownerships were private but discretion of operations and profits were taken away. Production prices were controlled via quota system. Cartels were compulsory and permanent in all industries. Eventually these were dissolved to be replaced by bodies that are more authoritarian. Profit incentives for business owners were retained, though greatly modified through various profit making schemes. Guiding allocation of investments according to the economic planning by Nazi government agencies. Government finance eventually dominated investment process, which the proportion of private securities issued falling from half of the total in 1933 and 1934 to approximately 10% in 1935-1938. Although large firms were mostly exempted from taxes on profit unlike small businesses, the Government control was so extensive that it only left â€Å"The shell of private ownership†. Although taxes and subsidies were used to direct the economy, the use of terror as an incentive for compliance and agreement was the under lying policy. For any business owner who persuade his self-interest in place of the states was deemed to death or concentration camps. The firm’s in spite of such control by the state had significant freedom in planning th eir own production investment activity. Although following Italy’s lead German economy aimed towards achieving Autarky (autocracy) that is self-sufficiency but because Germany lacked raw material this was not possible. Germany reduced imports of raw materials in order to help German heavy industry. World prices for raw materials were on the rise. At the same time world prices for manufactured goods, Germany chief exports, were falling. A large trade deficit was inevitable but Autarky helped sustaining the economy. Germany did not and could not, strive for fall Autarky as it lacked resources. The Government tried to limit its number of trade partners, and, when possible, only trade with countries within the German Sphere of influence. Suggesting protectionist methods for the domestic market. German businesses were encouraged to form monopolies and oligopolies whose interest was protected by the state. Cartels quasi-cartels, whether big business or small set prices, engaged i n limiting production and agreed to classify consumer to realize monopoly profit. The Government and big business formed a symbiotic relation where the business leader supported the government’s goals in return of economic policies that maximize their profits. The rearmament industry was supported by the state to reach their military goal to support such industry labor books were introduced, trade unions and collective bargaining and right to strike was abolished. Nazi economic policies: analysis Keynesian And Military Keynesian Policies Keynesian policies introduced government intervention in a free market economy. The previously popular neo-classical method explained that an economy would recover on its own without government intervention on the contrary it could create havoc in the economy and disturb its balance. Neo classical the school of thought would explain that the demand and supply would mutually reach equilibrium. Keynesian policies proposed a balance where the private sector was the primary dominator but was supported by the public sector and the government, a combination of monetary and fiscal policies is used to balance out the effects of the business cycle on the economy. It was fairly a new concept introduced in the nineteen thirties it was a midway between laissez-faire capitalism and socialism. This model was used by countries after world war one to recover from the great economic depression of 1929. The German economy was driven by these policies, they were modified by the nation to suit their ne eds, it provided the economy with support it needed after the great economic depression. The economy was focused at rearmament and all the programs that were deployed were aimed at the military goal of the nation. War preparation dominated the German economy after 1933. Initially the economy was state driven and controlled by the state, the demand and supply were control and government intervention was increasing in all sectors. Huge amounts of deficit spending on provision of public goods helped pave a path for businesses and would later helped in mobilization of the armed forces. The economy intended to achieve economic self-sufficiency or autarky. It is also were considered a form of military Keynesianism. Although the economy entered into the war it was successful in overcoming the great economic depression and achieved fully employment it could not work without government intervention or did not have the opportunity to function without government intervention or support. In Keynes’s theory, there are some micro-level actions of individuals and firms that can lead to aggregate macroeconomic outcomes in which the economy operates below its potential output and growth. Some classical economists had believed in says law, that supply creates its own demand, so that a general glut would therefore be impossible. Keynes contended that aggregate demand for goods might be insufficient during economic downturns, leading to unnecessarily high unemployment and losses of potential output. Keynes argued that government policies could be used to increase aggregate demand, thus increasing economic activity and reducing unemployment and deflation. Keynes argued that the solution to depression was to stimulate the economy (inducement to invest) through some combination of two approaches: a reduction in interest rates and government investment in infrastructure. Investment by government injects income, which results in more spending in the general economy, which in turn stimulates more production and investment involving still more income and spending and so forth. The initial stimulation starts a cascade of events, whose total increase in economic activity is a multiple of the original investment. A central conclusion of Keynesian economics is that, in some situations, no strong automatic mechanism moves output and employment towards full employment levels. This conclusion conflicts with economic approaches that assume a general tendency towards equilibrium. In the neoclassical synthesis, which combines Keynesian macro concepts with a micro foundation, the conditions of general equilibrium allow for price adjustment to achieve this goal. The policies are still in use by U. S. A. and the UK in a moderated and democratic way. The economy intended to Increase that real wages of the workers, or at least the lifestyle they led to. Every German worker was promised a car and therefore a sum of their wages and was set to be deducted for the car. The German workers did not see the car even after they paid the necessary amount set by the government the cars were not delivered to any of the workers in the Nazi years. There were many such traps in the German society where the workers had many forms of deductions from their wages such as old age insurance, dues to the labor front and at other voluntary Contributions to the Nazi party. Although everyone was employed but the real wages decreased To Half their level in 1928, in addition to get to fifteen to thirty-five percent of their Wages were deducted as taxes and voluntary Contributions. The opportunity cost that the government faced Was Reduction in investment in education Healthcare and quality consumer goods. These policies were also used to create Allies who was then forced by the bilateral agreements to create an increase dependency on Germany therefore they not only supported in Germany they would depend upon it for consumer goods [Germany’s main Export] when in Germany entered the war these nations for dragged along into the war with Germany. The socialist impact on the economy Post world war one Germany was under the dilemma of whose fault it was, The peace treaty of Versailles declaired That Germany was solely responsible for world war one. A conflict of an identity struck the German masses and the blame game began many theories came forward suggesting whose fault it was. The Nazis seized this as an opportunity and generated a huge amount of following. The German ambition got the better of German sensibility. In 1933 Hitler requested then Those in Hindenburg to dissolve the government and re-elect a government as the nation entered a full blown recession. After the elections The Nazi party became the largest party in opposition and Adolph Hitler became the chancellor of Germany, President Hindenburg and the cabinet to of ministers believed that they could control him but as the course of history unfolded, it was prominent that they were unsuccessful. The further course of history is known to all. Socialism means equal distribution of wealth in the society. The gap between the rich and the poor was intended to reduce. All of the policies that the Nazi government introduced were The Perceived short comings of the Weimar Republic and to increase the domestic support for the party. The Rearmaments program intended to prepare the nation for the war The Goering’s Four year plan was a turning point in the Nazi regime. The control on industries in Germany tightened up under this program. Although the production of oil, rubber and armaments fell short of what the Nazis wanted. Production of other goods such as aluminum increased greatly. By the end of 1938 Germany’s industrial production had increased by hundred and five percent since 1933 although successful in the economy was not prepared for the war. After 1937 Schacht resigned, he was replaced by â€Å"funk† a Nazi puppet, Goering became the real economic dictator. The program intended to make German self-suf ficient in industry and agriculture. Before the Nazi came to power they had organized self-help groups with the slogan â€Å"Anyone who does not have a shirt, Can always put on a green one (Nazi shirt)† the camps would organize Fold, shelter and work. This was also an initiation of creating a stronghold in Germany and its masses, this represented that the Nazi party could to make a difference even when not in power, the loyalty that these programs induced Was Too high for logical reasoning. The use of mass rallies was intended to convey the facts but without causing a stir. It was not the speeches but the tone That mesmerized the audience. Socialism was a prominent feature in the Nazi party. Community gatherings, Lunch and dinner And celebration was a common Happening. Distribution of gets during Christmas by the prominent a Nazi leaders was a common sight. Hitler Was many a times depicted As a grandfather like image When he grew old. The remained a bachelor all his life To be fantasized by women as the perfect of bachelor. In 1933 Hitler said: ‘In my state the mother is the most important citizen.’ But in Nazi Germany all mothers were not treated equally. Women who bore racially undesirable children were punished and those who produced racially desirable children were awarded. They were given favoured treatment in hospitals and were also entitled to concessions in shops and on theatre tickets and railway fares. To encourage women to produce many children, Honor Crosses were awarded. A bronze cross was given for four children, silver for six, and gold for eight or more. Conclusion According to me, the German economic policies were anti-democratic and in the long run unsustainable but the it worked just like the plaster on a fractured arm, it helped the economy heal but the collateral damage by the war was extensive and the economy was not ready to take a blow. In my opinion, the economy worked and would be a success if Germany did not enter the war and eased out to a combination of state control and free market form. Releasing the tension and unrest between the government and the distressed subjects Lukas, John. Washington Post’s Book World,. 2006. Print. Nazism Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Sept. 2009. Nazism Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Sept. 2009. Nazism Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Sept. 2009. Nazism Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Sept. 2009. Festa, Paul. Probing IBMs Nazi connection CNET News. Technology News CNET News. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2010. Nazism Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Sept. 2009. Nazism Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Sept. 2009. Keynesian economics: Definition from Answers.com. Answers.com: Wiki QA combined with free online dictionary, thesaurus, and encyclopedias. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2010. . Keynesian economics: Definition from Answers.com. Answers.com: Wiki QA combined with free online dictionary, thesaurus, and encyclopedias. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2010. . Nazism Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Sept. 2009.

Autonomy and Responsibility of the United States During the Space Race :: Essays Papers

Autonomy and Responsibility of the United States During the Space Race At the end of World War Two there emerged two world superpowers. The United States and the U.S.S.R had entirely different ideologies. The Soviet Union attempted to expand their ideologies westward and southward. Only the United States had the power to put a stop to Soviet expansion. The American industries and armed forces were at their highest peak, but they made no attempt to block Soviet expansion. They were trying to install a sense of world peace by removing their troops from Europe and increase support for autonomy and democracy throughout the world. The Soviets saw their expansion as automatic compensation for their loses in the war. As communism grew into France and Italy, Americans saw the growth as a threat to undermine capitalism and democracy. It was not long before the hostility between the former allies was apparent. Soon the western democracies and the Soviet Union were verbalizing and acting upon their differences. These differences helped establish the "iron curtain" around the eastern block. Any plan the United States devised to offer compensation to the Soviet Union with conditions of letting the other eastern countries establish their own governments was rejected. Under the Marshall Plan Western Europe flourished, and the gap between west and east grew larger with the tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union growing. Fear of the spread of communism was increasing. There was competition between the two superpowers to spread their ideologies. One favored autonomy and democracy while the other favored totalitarian rule. The competition between the two was so intense that they competed in many areas of domination.1 One area of extreme competition between the two powerful nations was the race to control outer space. The extreme concern and race to control the beyond was started in October 4, 1957 by the Soviets. The Soviet's Sputnik was the first successful man-made satellite. Not to be outdone the United States sent their first unmanned satellite into orbit on January 31, 1958 called Explorer I. Over the next few years the United States and the Soviet Union put many satellites into orbit, some even contained animal passengers. The race to control the skies in outer space grew once again. There was suddenly a large desire to beat the Russians in space. The Americans felt behind in their quest to win t he space race.2 Eisenhower immediately stepped up his space policy.

Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid Essay -- Movies Papers

One of the more popular movies of the 1960s was Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid , which featured Paul Newman and Robert Redford as the two titled Western outlaws. The film portrays the careers of Butch and Sundance, and how they were forced by the law to leave the Wild West for South America. In the last scene of the movie, the two bandits are shown surrounded by a bunch of South American soldiers after a robbery-gone-bad. Facing capture and extradition to the United States, the two badmen charge out of their hiding place, guns firing away. The film stops there, giving the impression that the two outlaws died in a blaze of glory with their boots on. However, did the real Butch Cassidy and Sundance Kid meet their end in some one-sided shootout in South America? Members of both men’s families, as well as some historians, believe that the two men survived the shootout and later returned to the United States. A number of men have claimed to be the notorious outlaws , the most credible being a machine-shop owner by the name of William Phillips who said he was really Butch Cassidy. Based on the available information, the debate could go either way. Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid both came from respectable families that were trying to make a living on the wild American frontier of the nineteenth century. Butch, born Robert LeRoy Parker, was actually the grandson of one of the original bishops of the Mormon Church (Editors 91). However, early on in his life, Robert turned to crime. He started out small, rustling cattle and stealing horses (Meadows and Buck 22). Robert Parker picked up his alias from his short career as a butcher. The name Cassidy came from Mike Cassidy, the con who taught Parker ... ...n all likelihood, though, no smoking gun will ever be found that says that the two men did indeed die in Bolivia. Butch and Sundance probably would have liked it that way. Works Cited Editors of Time-Life Books. The Gunfighters. Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books, 1974. Horan, James D. The Outlaws. New York: Crown Publishers, 1977. Johnston, Dorothy M. Western Badmen. New York: Ballantine Books, 1973. Meadows, Anne and Daniel Buck. â€Å"Running Down A Legend.† Americas. (Nov.-Dec 1990) : 21-27. Infotrac Expanded Academic ASAP. Patterson, Richard. Butch Cassidy: A Biography. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1998. Stewart, Gail B. Where Lies Butch Cassidy? New York: Crestwood House, 1992. â€Å"Wanted-Butch and Sundance.† Clyde Snow. NOVA. PBS. WUNK-TV, Greenville, N .C., October 12, 1993.

GIBSON’S PASSION? :: Essays Papers

GIBSON’S PASSION? I grew up in a suburb outside of Chicago where there were lots of Jewish people and Jewish students that I went to school with. There wasn’t any religious discrimination at all between Christians, Catholics or Jews. Mel Gibson's new controversial movie, â€Å"The Passion of the Christ† portrayed the Jews in a negative way and not only stereotypes them again, as being mainly liable for the death of Christ, but even causes violence and breeds disgust towards them. This film will cause and outline how millions of Christian movie-goers should look upon Jews in the future, and this may destroy an important Jewish-Christian union that’s developed over the years, that bond of brotherhood and understanding. Historically, the beating and death of Jesus has been known by Christians as his â€Å"passion.† However, Mel Gibson’s movie â€Å"The Passion† is based on the Passion Plays during the Roman Empire, that were written specifically back then to incite and anger people against the Jews. Jews have been the victims of hatred by many groups over many generations. Persecution has been a way of life for the Jewish people since in every generation there have been those who felt that the Jews just â€Å"don’t fit it.† Cecil B. Demille, the famous director of â€Å"The Ten Commandments,† first directed the film â€Å"The King of Kings,† which was the first anti-Semitic movie that offended Jews, seemingly making them responsible for the death of Christ, rather than the Romans. Whether or not Demille meant harm to the Jews is unknown, but the film launched a wave of anti-Semitism. Historical movies such as â€Å"Schindler’s List† and â€Å"Gettysburg† are accurate interpretations of what really happened in history. Even biblical epics such as Franco Zeffirelli's â€Å"Jesus of Nazareth† and the hit Broadway musical â€Å"Jesus Christ Superstar† avoided anti-Semitism. A recent 2001 movie drama about Adolf Hitler as a young child called â€Å"Max† starring John Cusack, responded to the criticism the movie got and accepted input and changes from critics. With the good suggestions they received, it made for an even better film, and the public voice was heard. A year before â€Å"The Passion† was due to open in theatres, Jewish officials offered changes to the film, but these were rejected by Mel Gibson. â€Å"The Passion† isn’t the real story of Jesus Christ’s death, but rather Mel Gibson’s own interpretation of it. People, nevertheless, will watch â€Å"The Passion† and believe that it is the truth.

Jonathan Livingston Seagull Essay

Like Starsky and Hutch, Jaws and flared jeans, Jonathan Livingston Seagull was one of the hits of the 1970s. It was even made into a movie. But what exactly is this book, and is it still worth reading? Bach’s bestseller is an uplifting fable of a seagull, Jonathan, who decides he is much more than just a seagull, who wants something else out of life. It consists of fewer than 100 pages, including many dreamy photographs of gulls in action. The book is now a symbol of the alternative or New Age spirituality that emerged at this time – yet as many have noted, Jonathan’s experience in the story is an allegory for the life of Jesus Christ. Flying into the unknown Jonathan is different to other birds in his flock: â€Å"For most gulls, it is not flying that matters, but eating. For this gull, though, it was not eating that mattered, but flight.† His father tells him that â€Å"The reason you fly is to eat†, and that flying for the sake of it is not done. Still, Jonathan spends his days experimenting with high-speed dives and flying very low over the water. He wants to push his limits, to find out what is possible. Often, it ends in desperate failure. He resigns himself to just being part of the flock, doing things the way they had always been done. But one day he tries a dive, and is able to accelerate to a hundred and forty miles per hour, â€Å"a gray cannonball under the moon†. The next day, he goes even beyond this, over two hundred miles per hour, the fastest a gull had ever flown. In his celebration Jonathan flies down from the heights and flies right through his own flock, luckily not killing anyone. He realizes he has taken his species to a new level. Once he teaches them what he knows, he thinks, they will no longer have a tired life of going from one fishing boat to another, picking up fish heads just to survive. He will show them a higher level of existence. Genius banished Yet the next day, Jonathan is summoned to stand before the gull Council. For his ‘reckless irresponsibility’ he is shamed and banished from the flock. He is told he does not understand the purpose of gull life – to eat to stay alive as long as possible. Out at the Far Cliffs, Jonathan spends his days alone, sad not so much for himself but for the possibilities the flock has spurned. For all the time he is finding new ways to do things. From his flying experiments he discovers that a controlled high-speed dive into the water can get the better-tasting fish which swim some distance below the surface. Ironically, his love of flying itself has lead to an abundance of food. Jonathan later meets a group of more advanced gulls, gulls like him who fly for the sake of it. They take him into another dimension, a sort of heaven for gulls, and he is told that he is a one-in-a-million gull, because he has learned the lesson of life: that it is not just to ‘get throughâ⠂¬â„¢ but to seek your own perfection in some way. Most gulls have to go through a thousand lives before they realize this. In the author’s words: â€Å"We choose our next world through what we learn in this one. Learn nothing, and the next world is the same as this one, all the same limitations and lead weights to overcome.† We must seek our own perfection; this is the reason for living. Final word It might take only half an hour to read, but Jonathan Livingston Seagullcan clear the mind and lift the sights, like a walk on the beach breathing in the salty air. It is easy now, 35 years on, to overlook the originality of the book’s concept, and though some find it rather naà ¯ve, in fact it expresses timeless ideas about human potential. When you go to the seaside you see gulls always squabbling over a single french fry or a bread crust, and think, ‘How they squabble over nothing!’ Yet this book shows us that most people are like the gulls in Jonathan’s flock: if they only got out of their narrow mindsets they would realize what riches awaited them. Like the British explorer of the same name, Jonathan Livingston knows that â€Å"The gull sees farthest who flies highest†. If pondering big changes in your life, this book may inspire the confidence you need. it teaches us to do what you want to do ignoring what others will think of you.. but we sho uld full heartedly practice to achieve our dream just like Jonathon Livingston ,each time he practice he comes to know the mistake in his fly wants perfection so he spends days and nights learning more about the speed and flight. That’s all I wanted to answer.. The first lesson that became obvious to me was the lesson of how to live freely. To be able to live the way you want and not caring about the opinions of others. This seems to me to be the most important lesson I have learned from this book, because even though this may be the hardest lesson to follow I believe it gives you the greatest satisfaction. I have learned in recent years that by just following the â€Å"flock† you can cause yourself to be very disappointed, but by following your own heart you can surprise yourself as to how happy you can be. Starting now and continuing into the future I plan to live by my own values and not be ashamed if I think differently from the rest of my peers. To truly live freely though, it is inevitable that some tough choices will have to be made and that is the second lesson I attained from the book. Throughout our lives we will be faced with choices and it is our decision to either choose the path that will let us be truly and freely happ y or the path that others think we should follow. Applying this to my own life may be a little hard at first because it is always difficult to go against the grain but I think that over time by gradually making proper choices for myself I could finally reach my true happiness. Another lesson that affected me was how we need to challenge our own limiting self-beliefs. From the time we are born we are told what is right, what is wrong, and what to believe.